Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blood culture positive typhoid fever. Study Design:Retrospective study Place and Duration:Children Medical Center (CMC) / Dr Habib un Nabi Children Hospital Mingora Swat and Pediatrics department of Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi for the duration between June 2020 and December 2020. Methods: There were total one hundred and twenty patients of both genders were presented. Patients were aged between 5-15 years of age. Patients detailed demographics age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. All the patients had fever. Blood sample of all the patients were taken for salmonella species. The Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility, and the results were interpreted in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. SPSS 20.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results:There were 84 (70%) males and 36 (30%) females. Mean age of the patients was 11.5±3.48 years. Among 120 cases of salmonella, 89 (74.2%) were Salmonellatyphi and Salmonella paratyphi was found in 31 (25.8%) patients. Sensitivity of antibiotics chloramphericol, cotrimoxazole, and azithromycin was 100% greater than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. (6.7%, vs 5.8%) But resistance of both antibiotics was high. Nalidixic Acid showed 108 (90%) resistance to salmonella typhi. Conclusion: We observed a very high degree of diversity in the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, with extremely high levels of sensitivity to antibiotics that have been utilized in the past, such as chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. It was discovered that the quinolones, which were widely utilized in the last two decades, have a very poor sensitivity. Keywords:Typhoid fever, Sensitivity, Antibiotics, Resistance

Aim: To determine the frequency of UTI in children presented with diarrhea. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: Pediatrics department of Alkhidmat Hospital, Peshawar and Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore for six months duration from October 2020 to March 2021. Methodology: Total 120 patients of both gender with ages 2 months to 5 years were enrolled in this study. After taking written consent from parents/guardians, detailed demographics including age, sex, residence, severity and complete medical history were examined and recorded. Urine samples were obtained for examination of urine culture. Data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0. Results: There were 78 (65%) males while 42 (35%) patients were females. 58 (48.33%) patients were ages <1 years, 45 (37.5%) had ages between 1 to 3 years and 17 (14.17%) were ages of >3 years. 36 (30%) patients had mild, 50 (41.67%) had moderate and 34 (28.33%) had severe diarrhea. UTI was found in 40 (33.33%) patients. E.coli was the commonest organism found in 28 (70%) patients followed by K. pneumonia in 12 (30%) patients. Conclusion: Frequency of urinary tract infection was high among children with diarrhea. E.coli was the commonest organism associated with UTI. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Diarrhea, Children