A B S T R A C TSuperoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme which reduce anion superoxide radicals as well as known caused of diabetes. There are many natural additive was believed having capacity to repaired an antioxidant celluler status. Cardamom's stem were repor ted containing flavonoid and vitamin C which have been proven as in vitro antioxidant. There was no data showing its in vivo potency. This study aims to knoe the SOD activity of diabetes rats which were given cardamom stem extract (CSE) and glibenclamide. The research carried out with the use of experimentally Randomized Design Complete (RAL) by administering treatment on diabetes rat without CSE and glibenclamide as a control, consist of 100 mg/kg bodymass CSE and 2 mg/kg bodymass glibenclamide. The experiment consists of 3 treatments with 7 repetitions, blood sampling carried out experiments as much as 3 times with intervals of 7 days once. The data was analyzed using a variety of analysis (ANOVA). The result showed that the SOD activity increased from 4261 Unit/mg protein to 6604,668 Unit/mg protein (P < 0.01) in diabetes rats treatment by CSE for 14 days.

AbstrakSuatu penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik enzim digesti, protease dan amilase pada ikan gurami, Osphronemus gouramy Lac., telah dilakukan dengan metode survey. Jumlah ikan yang digunakan untuk penelitian sebanyak 25 ekor yang dikelompokan menjadi tiga kelompok ukuran13,29, 35,86 dan 91,86 g/ekor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas protease digesti ikan gurami berbeda secara signifikan pada segmen usus dan pH buffer yang berbeda (P<.05). Aktivitas amilase digesti tidak berbeda secara signifikan diantara segmen usus yang diuji (P>.05), namun berbeda secara signifikan diantara ukuran ikan yang berbeda (P<.05), dan aktivitas amilase tertinggi dijumpai pada ikan dengan ukuran terkecil. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah bahwa aktivitas protease dan amilase dijumpai sepanjang saluran digestinya baik pada ikan yang berukuran kecil maupun besar. Aktivitas protease umumnya tinggi pada suasana asam dan netral pada usus depan dan tengah. Aktivitas protease ikan yang berukuran besar lebih rendah dari pada ikan yang berukuran lebih kecil. Aktivitas amilase tidak terdapat perbedaan diantara segmen usus yang diuji, namun aktivitas amilase tertinggi dijumpai pada ikan dengan berat rata-rata 13,29 g/ekor Abstract A study to determine the characteristics of digestion enzymes, protease and amylase in gourami, Osphronemus gouramy Lac., has been conducted by survey method. The number of fish that are used for research as many as 25 animals were grouped into three groups 13,29, 35.86 and 91.86 g. The results showed that the activity of digestive protease was significantly different at pH buffer intestinal segments and different (P <.05). The activity of amylase digestive did not differ significantly between intestinal segments tested (P> .05), but differed significantly among fish of different sizes (P <.05), and the highest amylase activity found in fish with the smallest size. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the protease and amylase activity were found along its gut of small or large fish. Protease activity was generally high in acidic and neutral at the front and middle intestine. Protease activity of large-sized fish was lower than the smaller fish. Amylase activity there was no difference between intestinal segments, but the highest amylase activity found in fish with an average weight of 13.29 g.

The aim of this research was to know the histology of eel ovary, Anguilla bicolor McClelland, at various gonad developmental stage, which caught at Segara Anakan Cilacap. This research was conducted with survey method, there are 69 samples, about 47.1-76.5 cm in length and 143.6-982.5 g in weight. The parameters are gonad weight, histological structure and gonad maturation level. The result show that all of eels is female, which in yellow eel, and presilver stage. As the result, it can be concluded that Anguilla bicolor McClelland which caught at Segara Anakan Cilacap is immature, whereas mature stage of eel is not found.

Eel, Anguilla bicolor McClelland was hard to mature in captivity, due to low levels of pituitary gonadotropin. In order to stimulate gonadal maturation in captivity, exogenous gonadotropin is needed. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of GnRH-analog induction on gonadal maturation of tropical eel base on the value of the eye index, gonado-somatic index, and estradiol levels. The study was carried out experimentally with a completely randomized design with three treatments and eight replications. The treatments were the induction of hormone GnRH-analogues with doses of 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 ml kg-1 body weight. Eel with an average total length of 67 cm and an average weight of 500 g were injected with different doses of GnRH-analog (0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 ml kg-1 body weight), kept in the fiberglass aquarium for two months. The eels were fed with discard fish daily in ad libitum at 16.00 pm. The observed variables were eye index, Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), and estradiol levels. The results showed that injection of three different doses of GnRH-analog did not affect on the increasing of GSI, eye index (P> 0.05), and estradiol (P <0.05). Induction of GnRH-analog of 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 ml kg-1 body weight can not stimulate the gonadal maturity of tropical eel. AbstrakIkan sidat Anguilla bicolor McClelland sulit matang gonad dalam kondisi budi daya, karena rendahnya kadar gonado-tropin pituitari. Oleh karena itu untuk memacu pematangan gonad ikan sidat dalam kondisi budi daya perlu ditambah-kan gonadotropin secara eksogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh induksi GnRH-analog terhadap pe-matangan gonad ikan sidat berdasarkan perubahan nilai indeks mata, indeks kematangan gonad (IKG), dan kadar estradiol. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan delapan ulangan. Perlakuan percobaan terdiri atas induksi hormon GnRH-analog dengan dosis 0,0; 0,5 dan 1,0 ml kg-1 bobot badan. Ikan sidat dengan rata-rata ukuran panjang 67 cm dan rata-rata bobot 500 g sebanyak 18 ekor yang telah diinduksi dengan berbagai dosis GnRH analog (0, 0,5 dan 1 ml kg-1 bobot badan) dipelihara dalam akuarium fiberglass selama dua bulan. Pakan berupa ikan rucah diberikan satu kali sehari pada pukul 16.00 secara ad libitum. Variabel yang diamati adalah indeks mata, IKG, dan kadar estradiol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa induksi hormon GnRH-analog tidak berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai indeks mata, nilai IKG (p>0,05), dan kadar estradiol ikan sidat (p<0,05). Induksi hormon GnRH-analog dengan dosis 0,5 dan 1 ml kg-1 bobot badan tidak efektif memacu pematangan gonad ikan sidat.

The taxonomic status of Anguilla species' in river watershed that empties into Segara Anakan Cilacap is uncertain, thereby making it difficult for further studies to be carried out to determine its genetic in that area. Therefore, this study evaluates Anguilla's taxonomic status and population genetic in Cibeureum and Sapuregel River watersheds. Data were obtained from molecular characterization study using cytochrome c oxidase 1, with fourteen Anguilla specimens collected from two sequenced watersheds. Taxonomic status was determined based on homology and divergence values and monophyly of the samples to the reference species. Meanwhile, genetic divergences among samples to the reference species were calculated based on the Juke-Cantor substitution model in DnaSP6. A homology test was performed using a basic local alignment search tool, with monophyly inferred from the cladogram, which was developed using neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood algorithms in MEGAX with 1000 pseudoreplicates and out-group comparison. Furthermore, population genetic was analyzed through polymorphism, haplotype, nucleotide diversity within the population, divergence, and genetic differences. All calculations conducted in Arlequin 3.5 had Anguilla samples comprising of high (99.23% to 99.84%) to low genetic divergences (0.224% to 1.127%). The result shows that cladogram with all Anguilla samples formed a monophyletic clade with A. bicolor, separated from their taxa. Furthermore, Anguilla samples from both watersheds have low genetic polymorphisms with medium to high haplotype and nucleotide diversity. The population's comparison proved that both populations have low genetic divergence, and no genetic difference based on variance analysis (p=0761). Therefore, Anguilla resources in river watersheds that empty into Segara Anakan are a single genetic conservation unit.