Halal tourism policies are alternatives in the diversification of the tourism industry. In non-Muslim majority countries, such as Singapore, Thailand, Japan, and South Korea, these policies expand the market segmentation, especially tourists from Muslim majority countries. This paper explains the halal tourism policy in South Korea, which only started in the last 5 years. Specifically, it analyzes various factors supporting halal tourism in South Korea, despite being a non-Muslim majority country. The study uses qualitative data collected through direct observation and interviews. This paper argues that economic and market factors are not the only considerations for the Korean government in supporting this policy. The results indicate that halal tourism emerged due to domestic demographic changes with increasing Islam in South Korea. Moreover, this policy was strengthened by China's economic pressure, which restricted its population from visiting South Korea. The restriction was due to the adoption of the THAAD policy by the Korean government. This study recommends that research on halal tourism should be conducted in other non-Muslim, or compared to Muslim majority countries. Moreover, the research time should be increased to establish result differences. Future studies should also adopt different scientific perspectives apart from international relations.   Received: 18 February 2021 / Accepted: 9 April 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021

This study examined Indonesian defense cooperation with South Korea in producing DSME 209/1400 submarines and how its impact towards Indonesian broader defense and maritime policy. Indonesia was expected to had adequate defense equipment to covered its large geographical areas. Nevertheless, most of the national army's defense equipment were old, while the domestic defenseindustry had just initiated. In this context, strategic cooperation was essential especially with countries which had advanced defense industries and technology. One example was Indonesian cooperation in submarine development with South Korea.This study used qualitative analytical methods by looking at the main driving factors, impacts, and complex challenges of Indonesian defense policy in the submarine sector.The results of this study showed that the Indonesia-South Korea cooperation was part of the country's strategy to strengthened its submarines vision in 2024. In contrast to other existing cooperation which emphasizing on equipment trade, the agreement with South Korea had also initiated the process of technology transfer to helped Indonesian maritime defense for longer term. However, the fi ndings of this study showed that the cooperation had serious challenges, especially with regards to human resources and budget allocation. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kebijakan kerjasama pertahanan Indonesia dengan Korea Selatan dalam hal pengadaan Kapal Selam DSME 209/1400 dan dampak yang ditimbulkan terhadap politik pertahanan dan maritim Indonesia. Sebagai negara yang menganut politik pertahanan defensif, Indonesiadituntutuntuk memiliki strategi alutsistayang sesuai dengan kondisi geografi snya. Sementara itu, pengembangan industri pertahanan nasional baru saja dimulai di tengah kondisi usia alutsista TNI yang sebagian besar sudah tua. Oleh karena itu, kerjasama dengan negara-negara yang memiliki industri pertahanan maju merupakan sebuah kebijakan strategis. Salah satunya adalahkerjasama Indonesia dengan Korea Selatan di bidang pengembangan kapal selam.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif analitis dengan melihat faktor-faktor pendorong utama, dampak, serta tantangan yang cukup kompleks dari kebijakan pertahanan Indonesia di sektor kapal selam.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan kerjasama Indonesia-Korea Selatan pada dasarnya merupakan upaya untuk memperkuat visi pengadaan kapal selam Indonesia pada tahun 2024. Berbeda dari beberapa kerjasama serupa yang bersifat pembelian alat pertahanan semata, kesepakatan yang ditandatangani tahun 2011 ini turut mengikusertakan proses transfer teknologi untuk menjamin keberlanjutan kemandirian maritim Indonesia.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the opinion of a group of informants in Seoul – South Korea’s foremost destination – on the possibility of developing a halal tourism policy that is closer to the wishes of Muslim customers, which is also in line with Islamic principles. Design/methodology/approach This research investigated the perceptions of 17 key informants. The data was conducted through interview about the possibility of developing an industry that is more in line with the lifestyle of Muslim tourists and more in line with halal criteria. Findings This study shows that the idea is quite attractive, especially among Seoul tourism industry players and even the South Korean Government itself. Although the potential for halal tourism is recognized, its development is currently divided into three groups, namely, groups that support the development of the policy, groups that reject and groups who do not care about it. Originality/value The research in this paper shows further developments from the studies that have been conducted in Djerba, Tunisia, that halal tourism carried out in Seoul, South Korea, has become a priority for the government through agencies/institutions/communities related to the halal industry.