Key words: preschool children, early childhood caries, deciduous teeth, dmft Objectives: To determine the prevalence of early childhood caries among preschool children in Dawadmi city, Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on 224 children from preschool nurseries in Dawadmi city. Clinical examination was performed and dmft index scores were recorded using WHO diagnostic criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and descriptive statistics was applied. The frequency and percentage of all the nominal variables were calculated. T-test was utilized to compare the dmft among groups of teeth. The level of statistical significant difference was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: 224 children were examined, 56.7% were males and 43.3% were females, they were divided into two age groups; threefour years old and fivesix years old. ECC was diagnosed in 163 children (72.77%), where 92 males and 71 females were only affected. The mean decayed missing filled tooth (dmft) was 3.69 (± 3.850). The mean of the decay component (d) was 3.22 (±3.552); the lower second molars had the highest prevalence of caries (d = 0.73) followed by the upper second molars (d = 0.70) and lower first molars (d = 0.60) respectively. The most affected caries group were the females aged threefour years (dmft = 5.57). Conclusion: Starting preschool dental services is mandatory since the ECC prevalence was 72.77% among preschool children in Dawadmi city. There is an urgent need for a call to focus on preschoolers' oral health and parental education for prevention and early detection of ECC.

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases are considered as the most common cause of death worldwide; resulting in 50% of total deaths reported throughout the globe, and it’s expected to increase significantly. Cardiovascular diseases are also the most common cause of death in Saudi Arabia. The current study was aimed at determining the level of awareness regarding cardiovascular diseases among a random representative sample of Riyadh population, Saudi Arabia during the year 2017. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out employing random sampling technique and with a sample size of 388 adults (age of 18 years to 50 years and more) among the general public excluding the medical staff. Results: Among the total subjects studied, half of the respondents reported good knowledge regarding the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (46.6%) and a good level of awareness regarding prevention of cardiovascular diseases (71.2%), while a majority of them had (67.2%) poor knowledge regarding the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular diseases. Most respondents had a moderate level of knowledge of cardiovascular diseases (60.5%) and they belonged to a lower economic status group. Majority of the participants who had a moderate level of awareness of cardiovascular diseases were educated at university level (36.3%). Conclusion: Most participants had good knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the majority of participants had poor knowledge regarding the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular diseases. There was no statistically significant relationship found between economic status, education level, and the level of awareness of cardiovascular diseases.

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Tumor resection is the most effective treatment option. In conditions where surgery is dangerous or ineffective, radiation, ablation, or transplants, may be considered. Medications play a key role in the treatment of unresectable tissue. 7 Sorafenib was the first approved medication to treat HCC and the only systemic agent available. Sorafenib-classified as a tyrosine kinase, ABSTRACT Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and can lead to multiple complications if left untreated. Disease incidence has increased and is expected to continue doing so in the coming years. However, treatment is expensive, which limits its application in poorer communities. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the costeffectiveness of the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab versus sorafenib in the treatment of HCC. We performed a systematic review of published economic evaluation studies investigating the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab and bevacizumab versus sorafenib using the following databases: PubMed, NHS Economic Evaluation, Cochran, and Scopus. This study was conducted according to the PRISMA reporting guidelines. Three independent reviewers screened all relevant articles published before March 2022. The Cheers checklist was used to assess the quality of the selected studies, and all relevant outcomes were assessed. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. QALY ranged from 0.811 to 2.7 in the combination group, and from 0.84 to 1.