INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a metabolic condition in which the body fails to produce enough insulin (Porte, et al. 2003). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder of glucose metabolism with serious clinical consequences. The prevalence of diabetes has been rising in the recent decades, due to the global changes in lifestyle (Nita, et al. 2010).Globally, it is estimated that 382 million persons suffer from diabetes for a prevalence of 8.3%. North America and the Caribbean is the region with the higher prevalence, 36,755 people with diabetes (11%) followed by the Middle East and North Africa with 34,571 people with diabetes (9.2%). Western Pacific regions, with 138,195 people with diabetes, is the region with higher number of people with diabetes, however its prevalence is 8.6%, close to the prevalence of the World (Health intelligence, 2031). In 2004, an estimated 3.4 million people died from diabetes. A similar number of deaths was estimated in 2010(Global health risks, 2009). More than 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries (Mathers and Loncar, 2006). WHO expected that, diabetes will be the 7 th leading cause of death in 2030 (WHO, 2010). Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.

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Article HistoryBackground: Identification of individuals with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) and impaired blood pressure at community base provides opportunities for successful interventions that decrease burden renal failure and hypertension. Therefore, the aim of present study was to screen for CKD and hypertension in 13 towns around Hail city. Methodology: Screening for CKD is performed involving 2800 Saudi volunteers with age ranges from 14 to 100 years. Participants fulfilled a questionnaire, underwent blood pressure measurement and were then sent for laboratory investigations for CKD. Results: Of the 2800 individuals, CKD was Identified in 217/2800 (7.8%), of whom 95/217 (43.8%) were males and 122/217 (56.2%) were females. Hypertension was identified in 939/2800 (33.4%), of whom 477/939 (50.9%) were males and 462/939 (49.1%) were females. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD and hypertension are high in Hail Region and differ from town to another. An intervention at the community base is high required to identify individuals at risk for follow up and early treatment.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotype of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) and benign head and neck tumours.Methodology:A retrospective study was performed on 150 samples of patients diagnosed with HNSCCs and 50 samples obtained from patients diagnosed with benign head and neck tumours. Tumour DNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HPV consensus and multiplex primers.Results:Six of the 150 (4%) HNSCCs were HPV positive. HPV16 was the most prevalent type, with single infections present in 3/6 (50%) cases, whereas HPV18 and HPV33 were detected in 2/6 (33%) and 1/6 (17%), respectively. HPV infections were detected in 3 (50%) cases of oral cavity and 3 (50%) cases of pharynx.Conclusions:There was a significant association between HPV infection and HNSCCs (P < 0.05). The present data support the importance of HPV infection in oral and larynx tumours.