Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of excessive blood sugar levels. Data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health shows that several DM survivors have had DM for over 15 years reached 19.98 million or 10.9% of the Indonesian population in 2019 with population data according to the Central Bureau of Statistics Republic of Indonesia. This research aimed to determine factors affecting DM in Indonesia. Method: This was a study with a cross-sectional design. The data used in this study came from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). A total of 34,257 individuals aged 14 or over as samples. The dependent variable was diabetes mellitus, while independent variables were obesity, hypertension, quality of sleep, and socio-economic factors. The data measurement was performed by logistic regression.  Results: The research found that obesity, hypertension, and poor sleep quality will increase the risk of DM and also the risk will increase due to socio-economic factors like age, education, household income, urban, and marital status. Conclusion: This study found that the driving force for DM in Indonesia is obesity, hypertension, and sleep quality.

Background Despite the increasing trend of Postabortion Care (PAC) needs and provision, the evidence related to its cost is lacking. This study aims to review the costs of Postabortion Care (PAC) per patient at a national level. Methods A systematic review of literature related to PAC cost published in 1994 – October 2020 was performed. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were used to search the literature. Following the title and abstract screening, reporting quality was appraised using the Consolidates Health Economic Evaluation (CHEERS) checklist. PAC costs were extrapolated into US dollars ($US) and international dollars ($I), both in 2019. Results Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies reported direct medical cost per patient in accessing PAC, but only three of them included indirect medical cost. All studies reported either average or range of cost. In terms of range, the highest direct cost of PAC with MVA (Medical Vacuum Aspiration) services can be found in Colombia, between $US50.58–212.47, while the lowest is in Malawi ($US15.2–139.19). The highest direct cost of PAC with D&C (Dilatation and Curettage), services is in El Salvador ($US65.22–240.75), while the lowest is in Bangladesh ($US15.71–103.85). Among two studies providing average indirect cost data, Uganda with $US105.04 has the highest average indirect medical cost, while Rwanda with $US51.44 has the lowest. Conclusions Our review shows variability in the cost of PAC across countries. This study depicts a clearer picture of how costly it is for women to access PAC services, although it is still seemingly underestimated. When a study compared the use of UE (Uterine Evacuation) method between MVA and D&C, it is confirmed that MVA treatments tend to have lower costs and potentially reduce a significant cost. Therefore, by looking at both clinical and economic perspectives, improving and strengthening the quality and accessibility of PAC with MVA is a priority.

Background In developing countries like Indonesia, limited resources for routine mass Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) RT-PCR testing among healthcare workers leave them with a heightened risk of late detection and undetected infection, increasing the spread of the virus. Accessible and accurate methodologies must be developed to identify COVID-19 positive healthcare workers. This study aimed to investigate the application of machine learning classifiers to predict the risk of COVID-19 positivity in high-risk populations where resources are limited and accessibility is desired. Methods Two sets of models were built: one both trained and tested on data from healthcare workers in Jakarta and Semarang, and one trained on Jakarta healthcare workers and tested on Semarang healthcare workers. Models were assessed by the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC), average precision (AP), and Brier score (BS). Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) were used to analyze feature importance. 5,394 healthcare workers were included in the final dataset for this study. Results For the full model, the voting classifier composed of random forest and logistic regression was selected as the algorithm of choice and achieved training AUC (mean [Standard Deviation (SD)], 0.832 [0.033]) and AP (mean [SD], 0.476 [0.042]) and was high performing during testing with AUC and AP of 0.753 and 0.504 respectively. A voting classifier composed of a random forest and a XGBoost classifier was best performing during cross-validation for the Jakarta model, with AUC (mean [SD], 0.827 [0.023]), AP (mean [SD], 0.461 [0.025]). The performance when testing on the Semarang healthcare workers was AUC of 0.725 and AP of 0.582. Conclusions Our models yielded high predictive performance and can be used as an alternate COVID-19 screening methodology for healthcare workers in Indonesia, although the low adoption rate by partner hospitals despite its usefulness is a concern.

Background: Despite the increasing trend of Post Abortion Care (PAC) needs and provision, the evidence related to its health system cost is lacking. The study aims to review the health system costs of Post-Abortion Care (PAC) per patient at a national level.Methods: A systematic review of literatures related to PAC cost published in 1994 – October 2020 was performed. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were used to search the literature. Following the title and abstract screening, reporting quality was appraised using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. PAC costs were extrapolated into, US dollars ($US) and international dollars ($I), both in 2019. Content analysis was also conducted to synthesize the qualitative findings.Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies reported direct medical cost per patient in accessing PAC, but only three of them included indirect medical cost. All studies reported either average or range of cost. In terms of range, The highest direct cost of PAC with MVA (Medical Vacuum Aspiration) services can be found in Colombia, between $US50.58-212.47, while the lowest is in Malawi ($US15.2-139.19). The highest direct cost of PAC with D&C (Dilatation and Curettage), services was in El Salvador ($US65.22-240.75), while the lowest is in Bangladesh ($US15.71-103.85). Among two studies providing average indirect cost data, Uganda with $US105.04 is the highest average indirect medical cost, while Rwanda with $US51.44 is the lowest on the cost of indirect medical.Conclusions: Our review shows variability in cost of PAC across countries. This study depicts a clearer picture of how costly it is for women to access PAC service, although it is still seemingly underestimated. When a study compared the use of UE method between MVA and D&C, it is confirmed that MVA treatments tend to have lower costs and potentially reduce a significant cost. Therefore, by looking at both clinical and economic perspective, improving and strengthening the quality and accessibility of PAC with MVA is a priority.