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Breastfeeding is considered as the most economical and easily accessible complete nutrition for every new born child. Beneficial effects of breast feeding both for the mother and child are well-known. However, there is evidence that breast feeding is on the decline in many developing countries. The main objective of the present study was to explore the different socio-cultural issues which were associated with breast feeding practices. The universe of the present study was Faisalabad District, Pakistan. Multistage sampling technique was applied for the selection of the respondents. At first stage two towns were selected by using simple random sampling technique. At the second stage, four colonies were selected randomly. Convenient sampling was done to select the households. A sample of 120 married women was interviewed who have at least one breast feeding baby from each household. Data show that majority of the mother were in the opinion that breastfeeding is essential for their baby for their physical and mental growth. The researchers also found the main hurdles in the completion period of breastfeeding were poor socio-economic condition of mothers, lack of appropriate gap in birth space, lack of knowledge and awareness among mothers about the benefits of breastfeeding, poor health of mothers, maternal employment and cultural norms of the society. It is suggested that mothers should give proper knowledge and awareness about the benefits of breastfeeding for their child’s future survival.

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his quantitative research was conducted in District Nankana Sahib. The size of the sample was 150Female respondents. A convenient sampling technique was used for the assortment of the respondents. The questionnaire was used as a tool. The results revealed that the empowerment level of rural women in the household is low in district Nankana Sahib. Women are facing a lot of problems that create the main hurdle in the empowerment status of rural women. The result showed that 46.7 percent of women were illiterate and 26.7 percent of women had a primary level of education, 75.3percent of women had no right to get a share in the inheritance property,only 39.3percent of women took decisions for the selection of their children spouse, 68.7percent women were monitoring child rearing activities, 54.0percent women were not taking decisions about disposable income for expenses. There is a highly positive association between age and decision-making autonomy, income and decision-making autonomy, and education and decision-making.

Background: Hygiene is very important aspect of health, it helps preventmany diseases. According to WHO, 25% admission to hospitals are due food and water bornediseases which can be prevented through good hygiene practices. Objectives: To check thehygiene status and practices of rural farmer and non-farmer households and to examine thedeterminants of hygiene status. Association between hygiene and diarrhea was also examinedin this study. Study design: Cross sectional study. Research Area: Farmer and non-farmerrural households of Punjab. Period: April 2016 to January 2017. Material and Methods:probability sampling technique was used and a total of 576 households (50% farmer and 50%non-farmer) were surveyed from six districts of Punjab. Responses were obtained using astructured interview scheduled. SPSS version 24 was used for analysis. Results: Mean age forfarmer and non-farmer households was about 50 and 47 years respectively. Mean number ofschooling years for farmer and non-farmer households were 6.2 and 5.1 respectively. Averagemonthly income of farmer and non-farmer households was 24728 and 16432 PKR respectively.About 18% farmer and 27% non-farmer households had low hygiene status. About 11% farmerand 25% non-farmer households did not have any toilet. About 19% farmer and 24% non-farmerhouseholds reported that they had diarrhea at least once in last 6 months. Association betweendiarrhea and hygiene was found significant at p<0.01. Income and education were importantdeterminants of hygiene status for both farmer and non-farmer households. Conclusion:Authors conclude that hygiene status varies for farmer and non-farmer households that can beexplained by the difference in income, education and awareness. It was empirically establishedthat better hygiene helps prevent diarrhea.