Antinutrients such as phytic acids, tannins, saponin, and enzyme inhibitors are phytochemicals that can decrease the bioavailability of micro- and macronutrients, thus causing them to be unavailable for absorptions in the digestive system. Antinutrients are a major concern especially in countries where plant-based commodities such as wheat, legumes, and cereals are staple foods, for the antinutrients can cause not only mineral deficiencies, but also lead to more serious health issues. Although various thermal and non-thermal processing methods such as cooking, boiling, and fermentation processes have been practiced to decrease the level of antinutrients, these processes may also undesirably influence the final products. More advanced practices, such as ozonation and cold plasma processing (CPP), have been applied to decrease the antinutrients without majorly affecting the physicochemical and nutritional aspects of the commodities post-processing. This review will cover the types of antinutrients that are commonly found in plants, and the available processing methods that can be used, either singly or in combination, to significantly decrease the antinutrients, thus rendering the foods safe for consumption.

Glutathione is an antioxidant agent can be applied in various fields such as pharmacy, cosmetic, foodstuff and another field. The objective of this research is to obtained glutathione from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fermentation waste as by product of second generation of bioethanol (G2). After bioethanol process for 72h, centrifuge method was used to separate the yeast cells from residual fermentation broth of bioethanol. The yeast cells were extracted by maceration method using variation solvent with 25% ethanol solvent, 40% ethanol in water, H3PO4 0.1 M and Phosphate Buffer pH 7.2. Glutathione concentration was tested with alloxan method using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis and characterization using LC-MS. The result showed fermentation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)15% obtained ethanol 39 g/L and total cell after 72 h showed 2.15 x 108. The highest glutathione concentration had obtained from phosphate buffer pH 7.2 with extraction time 90 min which is equal 1449.52 mg/L.