In this study, the effects of economic sanctions and speculative attacks on creating currency crisis have been investigated in Iranian economy during recent years. Economic sanctions can lead to currency crisis through trade barriers and restrictions on financial transactions and also speculative attacks can stimulate currency crises. According to the important of this issue, new model of currency crisis introduced based on Neo-Keynesian framework in Iranian economy. Also, the stock of foreign assets that held domestically is estimated using money demand equation with ratchet mirrors. Iranian holdings of US dollar assets estimated using DOLS approach. MRS-GARCH is used to capture dynamics of speculative attacks and Beta-Skew-t-EGARCH model is used to generate economic uncertainty variable using exchange rate, interest rate, inflation and economic growth variables. The results of model estimation based on CCR approach indicate that economic sanctions and speculative attacks have positive and significant effect on currency crisis.

Today, with the globalization of the economy and the increased competition between the banks, the profits of traditional banking activities have diminished, and their risk has been on rise. Thus, banks should adopt more efficient risk management methods. In the last three decades, Iranian economy has faced many fluctuations in macroeconomic areas, e.g. the banking industry. The main goal of the current study is to examine the role of banking crisis in the effect of income diversity on risk of banking industry using panel econometric method)EGLS (. For this purpose, 8 accepted banks in the Tehran Stock Exchange 2 were evaluated as a research statistical population during (2005-2018). The results show that an increase in the share of Non-interest income (income diversity) in the time of banking crisis does not have a significant effect on the banking stability. Another finding of the study suggests that there is a negative significant relationship between the index of concentration during the crisis and the stability of the banking industry. Also, there is a positive significant relationship between the size of the bank, the loan ratio, and the capital adequacy index during the crisis with banking risk.

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