Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common paediatric infections

We report on two sisters of first degree cousin parents who were born with severe hypotonia, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) and dysmorphic features consistent with the fetal akinesia/hypokinesia sequence. They needed assisted ventilation and each died at the age of 5 months. Both had type II lissencephaly (cobblestone lissencephaly) which was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the proband. Ophthalmic evaluation revealed no ocular malformations in either of them. Brain auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) revealed bilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss in the proband, whereas an MRI-guided open muscle biopsy of the sartorius muscle (the only remaining thigh muscle) showed features of muscular dystrophy. Immunohistochemistry revealed normal dystrophin, dystrophin-associated glycoproteins (DAG) and merosin. Certain clinical and pathological features distinguish the disease seen in these sisters from reported isolated cases where lethal AMC was associated with brain dysplasia and from the main syndromes of congenital muscular dystrophy/cobblestone lissencephaly. Differences from the Walker-Warburg syndrome, which simulates it in severity, included the absence of severe hydrocephalus, normal creatine kinase (for age) and minimal (mainly periventricular) white matter abnormalities. The findings suggest either an independent entity, in the studied family, or an allelic variation of the cobblestone lissencephaly (type II lissencephaly) syndrome.

Background: Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of under-five mortality especially in developing world. Many studies have been conducted so far using different probiotic strains with variable outcome. So, the aim of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy of Bacillus clausii and multi strain probiotic formulation as adjunct treatment of acute diarrhoea.Methods: This prospective single blind randomized controlled clinical trial included 300 infants and children between 6 months to 6 years of age admitted in a tertiary care hospital Sylhet, Bangladesh with acute watery diarrhoea having varied dehydration status ranging from no to severe dehydration excluding shocked state. Cases were randomly assigned to three groups which were group I (n=100) comprised of children who were treated with standard treatment (according to WHO guideline) only as control group, group II (n=100) who received standard treatment plus Bacillus clausii and group III (n=100) who received standard treatment plus multi strain probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus thermophilus). Primary outcome variables were duration, frequency of diarrhoea and consistency of stool. Secondary outcome variable was duration of hospital stay.Results: Mean duration of diarrhoea was significantly shorter (p=0.001) in group III (2.62 days) compared to group I (3.26 days) and group II (3.22 days). Frequency of diarrhoea was significantly lower on day 3 of probiotic administration in group III (p <0.05) and on day 5 of treatment in group II (p <0.05). Stool consistency significantly improved on day 3 in group III (p <0.05) while it was on day 4 in group II. The duration of diarrhoea, hospital stay, stool consistency and frequency of stool on day 3 were not statistically significant (p >0.05) in group II in comparison to group I and group III.Conclusions: Multistrain probiotic formulation is effective in reducing the duration, frequency of diarrhoea and duration of hospital stay.

Background: Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of under five mortality especially in developing world. Very few studies have been conducted so far on bacillus clausii probiotic with inconsistent result. So, the aim of the present study is to determine the clinical efficacy of Bacillus Clausii probiotic formulation as adjunct treatment of acute diarrhoea. Materials and methods: This prospective single blind randomized controlled trial included 310 infants and children between 6 months to 6 years of age admitted in a tertiary care hospital Sylhet, Bangladesh with acute watery diarrhoea having varied dehydration status ranging from no to severe dehydration excluding shocked state. Cases were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (n=150) comprised of children who were treated with standard treatment (According to WHO guideline) only as control group and Group B who received standard treatment plus Bacillus Clausii as probiotic. Clinical responses were evaluated in terms of improvement of outcome variables such as duration and frequency of diarrhoea and duration of hospital stay. Results: Mean duration of diarrhoea was 3.3(±1.1) days in Group A and 3.2(±1.3) days in Group B which was not statistically significant. Frequency of diarrhoea decreased significantly at day 4 of treatment in both study groups showing no statistical difference. Mean duration of hospital stay in both groups was 3.8 days showing no significance. Conclusion: Bacillus Clausii is ineffective in reducing the duration, frequency of diarrhoea and duration of hospital stay. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.18 (1); Jan 2019; Page 14-17

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalization of children in many countries.Though Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the most common organism causing bronchiolitis, but antibiotics are used widely.So the aim of the present study is to establish whether antibiotic has any role in bronchiolitis management along with supportive treatment. Methods:This retrospective study included 100 infants and children between 2-24 months of age admitted with clear cut sign symptoms of bronchiolitis. Patients were divided into Group A (supportive + antibiotic Rx) comprised 72 patients and group B (supportive Rx only) comprised 28 patients.After 3-5 days of hospital stay, clinical responses were evaluated in terms of improvement in symptoms and clinical parameters-respiratory rate, heart rate and oxygen saturation.