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Objective: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID -19) pandemic had great psychological impact on COVID-19 patients and their families. Relatives of the deceased COVID-19 patients are at risk for complicated grief. Healthcare providers (HCPs) should be able to identify complicated grief cases. The aim of this study was to assess HCP knowledge regarding complicated grief during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed and validated before being used in this study. The questionnaire included demographic questions as well as knowledge about complicated grief and its symptoms, risk factors and management. The link to the questionnaire website was sent to HCP governmental and private sectors. Data was analyzed using the ordinal regression model by the SPSS 16 software. Results: A total of 887 HCPs (69% female and 31% male) participated in this study. Majority of the participants (594, 70%) had fair overall knowledge about complicated grief while 206 (23.2%) participants had poor knowledge. Poor knowledge level about risk factors for complicated grief was observed in 44.3% of the participants. Fair or poor knowledge about prevention and management of complicate grief was observed in 39.2% of participants. Knowledge about complicated grief had a significant positive relationship with female gender (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.15-2.08) and higher education level (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.37-2.54). Conclusion: Knowledge of HCPs about complicated grief was low. There is need for HCP knowledge improvement regarding complicated grief by appropriate education.

Introduction: Health locus of control is recognized as a factor affecting the development and promotion of health behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between health locus of control and health behaviors. Methods: This systematic review was conducted by searching several databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus from early April to early May 2021 using the keywords Health Locus of Control and Health Behaviors. Results: Out of the 1099 articles retrieved after the screening, 18 articles met the criteria for further analysis. A review of the studies showed that those who firmly believed in internal health control were more likely to engage in health behaviors. Conclusion: In line with the findings of this study, it is essential to focus on people's beliefs about the influence of internal factors and increase awareness about people's abilities to promote their health behaviors.

Introduction: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and kisspeptin are satiety factors, and ghrelin and adiponectin are orexigenic peptides. In this study, the mediating role of 5HT in the effects of GPR54 receptor blocking on ghrelin and adiponectin secretion was investigated. Methods: Male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g received saline, kisspeptin 10 (1 or 3 nmol), 5HT (2, 5 or 10 µg), kisspeptin plus 5HT, or peptide 234 (P234) plus 5HT via the third cerebral ventricle. Serum ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: Kisspeptin or 5HT treatment significantly reduced serum concentrations of ghrelin and adiponectin in comparison with saline. The injection of 2 nmol of P234 + 5HT significantly reduced serum ghrelin concentration compared to the 5HT alone, kisspeptin alone, and kisspeptin + 5HT groups. Injections of either 1 or 2 nmol of P234 along with 5HT significantly declined the mean serum adiponectin level compared to rats received the kisspeptin plus 5HT. Conclusion: Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling pathway may be a putative target in serotonergic neurons to control ghrelin and adiponectin secretion.

The public health of developing and undeveloped countries is in crisis due to an increased incidence of acute gastroenteritis via contaminated drinking water. Acute gastroenteritis is the third leading cause of mortality in the world. According to the World Health Organization, there were estimates of 4 billion cases of diarrhea and 2.2 million deaths annually in these countries due to consumption of unsafe drinking water. Generally, most acute gastroenteritis pathogens are transmitted via contaminated food, but waterborne transmission has been well documented for recreational and contaminated drinking water. Usually, gastroenteritis which is caused by poor sanitation and by contaminated water is part of those diseases in developing countries. Inadequate and unsafe drinking water supplies are continuing public health problems for most of the world's populations. The objective of this chapter is an attempt to determine the role of bacterial agents in acute gastroenteritis via drinking water in developing countries.