Giardia lamblia is the frequent cause of diarrhea in humans and other mammals across the world. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia in the republic Islamic of Iran. The main international sources of ISI and Pubmed as well as the major national data banks in Iran including Magiran, IranMedex, SID and IranDoc were systematically searched for the words" Giardia lamblia" since 1990 onward. Overall, 43 reliable and similar studies in terms of methodology were selected for a systematic review. A meta-analysis was also conducted using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated by the Cochran's Q test. STATA was used for all analysis. Given the random-effects model, the prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Iran was estimated to be 14.7% (95% reliability distance, 12.0%-16.6%). By age classification, the prevalence was 15.1% amongst fewer than 10 years children, 19.2% amongst adolescents and youngest of fewer than 20 years, and 6.7% amongst adults of between 20-30 years old (p<0.001). Annual classification showed that the maximum and minimum prevalence rates occurred in 1994 and 2005 (37.21 and 4.91% respectively). Geographical distribution of Giardia lamblia also showed that the eastern parts of the country nearby Pakistan and Afghanistan borders were extremely affected (35.5%). It was 16.9% in central provinces, 14.9% in the southern provinces, 13.2% in the north of country and 12.3% in the western provinces nearby Iraq and Turkey borders. Increased prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Iran, in spite of preventing strategies and valuable primary health care activities has been remained as a public health concern amongst children and in the eastern parts of the country nearby Pakistan and Afghanistan borders in particular.

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), especially Staphylococcus epidermidis, are skin commensal bacteria. The aim of this study was to compare cultivation, PCR, and LAMP-PCR methods in identifying the positive strains of S. epidermidis and to investigate the prevalence rate, distribution of virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance properties of S. epidermidis strains isolated from different UTI and mastitis cow milk samples. 229 samples including 126 urine and 103 cow's milk were collected and S. epidermidis strains were identified using culture, biochemical tests and molecular methods. Out of 126 urine samples and 103 milk samples, 39(30.95%) and 26(25.24%) samples were positive for S. epidermidis, respectively. In the LAMP method, after extracting the genome, 44(34.92%) and 29(28.15%) samples, and without the extraction, 41(32.54) and 28(27.18) samples, were identified as S. epidermidis, respectively. S. epidermidis strains harbored the highest prevalence of resistance against penicillin (89.23%), tetracycline (64.61%), erythromycin (63.08%) and, cefazolin (50.77%). aacA-D (69.23%), tetK (67.69%), tetM (55.38%), ermA (55.38%), ermC (46.15%) and, msrA (43.08%) were most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. The prevalence of vatC (13.85%), vatA (15.38%), vatB (16.92%), msrB (27.69%) were lower than other detected antibiotic resistance genes. agrI (32.31%), ClfA (29.23%) and agrIII (27.69%) were the most commonly detected virulence factors. In this study, the prevalence of resistance to a wide range of antibiotic agents and the presence of virulence factors amongst S. epidermidis strains were observed. Failure to pay attention to the antibiotic-resistant strains of S. epidermidis can be a serious warning to the health of the community.