Introductionβ-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics are usually used for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from UTIs.Materials and methodsTwo hundred and nineteen samples of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from UTIs were collected in the Northwest of Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by the disk diffusion method. ESBLs were detected by the double-disk test. ESBL and PMQR-encoding genes were screened using the polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe rate of resistance to moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin in ESBL-producing isolates was 89.3%, 88%, 84%, 80%, 78.7%, and 73.3%, respectively. PMQR-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified in 67 samples (89.1%). The most prevalent PMQR genes were aac (6′)-Ib-cr 120 (68.6%) followed by oqxB 72 (41.1%), oqxA 59 (33.7%), qnrB 36 (20.6%), qnrS 33 (18.9%), qnrD 19 (10.9%), qepA 13 (7.4 %), qnrA 10 (5.7%), and qnrC 9 (5.1%). There was a strong association between PMQR genes and blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-116 and other ESBL genes.ConclusionHigh resistance rates were detected to quinolones among ESBL-producing isolates from UTIs. There is a high prevalence of PMQR genes in Enterobacteriaceae in Azerbaijan and Iran, and the most common PMQR is aac(6′)-Ib-cr. There is a significant association between PMQR and ESBL-producing isolates.

Background:Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that produces at least 16 virulence factors including 12 toxins (α-ν), enterotoxin, hemolysin and neuraminidase, can create variable pathogenic condition, ranging from a food poisoning to life-threatening myonecrosis. Among C. perfringens strains, resistance to the drug choices such as penicillin as well as to alternatives of penicillin like metronidazole and clindamycin has also been observed.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the resistance of isolated toxigenic and non-toxigenic C. perfringens strains against common antimicrobial agents.Materials and Methods:In this descriptive study, a total of 136 stool specimens were collected. At first, cooked meat medium enrichment method was performed on samples at 45°C. Thereafter, a loopful of the enriched culture was transferred to blood agar and incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 24-72 hours. Colonies with double zone of hemolysis were identified by different biochemical tests such as phospholipase C (lecithinase) test, indole and urease production. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for common antibiotics was determined by Etests (Epsilometer) and duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) reaction was performed with specific primers for amplification of cpe (426 bp) and plc (283 bp) Genes.Results:Of 136 stool samples including diarrhea [48] and non-diarrhea [88] ones, 83 (61.02%) C. perfringens were cultured. Of these 83, 79 C. perfringens isolates showed the alpha-toxin (phospholipase C) production gene by PCR. Respectively, 3 (9.09%) and 2 (4.34%) cpe genes were present in diarrhea and non-diarrhea samples. Of 79 isolates of C. perfringens, 34 (43.03%) cases showed no resistance, 18 (22.78%) had one resistance and 27 (34.17%) isolates had multiple resistance to imipenem, metronidazole, ceftriaxone, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin.Conclusions:Periodic evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for C. perfringens should be performed. Harboring of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in individuals not necessarily results in diarrhea.

Background: Mutations in gene are the most common single genetic cause of autism-spectrum disorders, therefore we investigated the possibility that the intermediate alleles may also contribute to the origin of Autistic disorder.

No abstract

No abstract