Background: The unique physicochemical properties of nano-metals compared to non-nano materials has led to many investigations in recent decades. Nano-Titanium dioxide has been chiefly applied in novel implant forms. In addition, the structures of Selenium-containing compounds play a critical role in the biological activity of these elements. According to recent studies, nano-Selenium is not only less toxic but also has higher biological activity than Selenium ions such as Se4+ and Se6+. Methods: Researchers have turned to green nano-structure synthesis due to drawbacks of chemical techniques. This article presents a literature review on recent advances in microbial synthesis methods to produce nano-Selenium and nano-Titanium dioxide. Results: Despite numerous research articles on green nanoparticle production, little information has been provided on the microbial formation of Titanium and Selenium nanoparticles. This review article focuses on the possible mechanism of nano-Selenium production by Selenium respiration. Although there are reports of microbial synthesis of these particles, their production by probiotic bacteria is of great value. Conclusion: Considering the compatibility of probiotic bacteria with the immune system and their tremendous applications in medicine, it is suggested to use them in combination with nano-Titanium dioxide and nano-Selenium for various ends such as implant scaffolds and food additives, respectively.

Background: Microbial forensics is a multidisciplinary area, which has been recently considered an effective tool in forensic investigations. This growing field of forensics covers a wide spectrum of different branches of science, including biology, chemistry, physics, geology, mathematics, and computer sciences, leading to a practical approach that can be applied in several areas such as bioterrorist actions, environmental issues, emerging and reemerging diseases, as well as reliable trace evidence at a crime scene. Methods: The information has been gathered via Google Scholar using several keywords, including forensic microbiology, bioterrorism, forensic investigation, and trace evidence. The data were from reliable articles and books published over 50 years. This paper is a short review of forensic microbiology with a bioinformatics perspective to use in different fields such as the court. Results: It is known that using either microorganisms or their toxins is a low-cost potential tool with serious morbidity and mortality rates that can spread all around the world by food or water supplies or even through the air, making them a perfect candidate bioweapon with minimum traceability. Studies have indicated that environmental conditions plus biological and abiotic factors would affect the following analysis and the final validation, which is an essential step in the forensic investigation due to its highly effective role in the court vote. To face different challenges, law enforcement has the infrastructure for attribution and deterrence (e.g., following the exact microbial forensics program) so that it can be used in court. Developing more reproducible, sensitive, and accurate methods, preparing a wide reliable database, and devoting the right amount of budget will help improve the whole forensic procedure in the legal system. Conclusions: The current paper is a short review of how forensic scientists can use microbial features on a crime scene to clarify and enhance the procedure to solve different criminal cases.