Özet Atmosfer kaynaklı afetlerin içinde kuraklık en karmaşık ve hasar veren bir olaydır. Kurak ve yarı kurak ülkelerin en önemli sorunlarından biri, bitkilerin gelişimi için ihtiyaç duyulan suyun, yağışın miktar ve dağılımının yetersizliği nedeniyle yeterli miktarda ve gerekli zamanda bulunamamasıdır. Bu ülkelerde tarımsal üretim genelde yağışın doğal dağılımına, miktarına ve sulamaya bağlı olarak değişim göstermektedir. Kısacası kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yağış, tarımsal üretimi kontrol eden en önemli faktördür. Türkiye'de de bazı bölgelerde kuraklık sorunu kendini özellikle tarım sektörüne ve ekosisteme yaptığı etkiler ile göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Meriç nehir havzasında yer alan Kumdere havzasında 1985-2009 yılları arası havzada ölçülmüş meteorolojik veriler kullanılarak kuraklığın sıklığı ve şiddetinin Standartlaştırılmış Yağış Evapotranspirasyon İndisi (SPEI) ile belirlenmesi ve Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndisi (SPI) ile karşılaştırılmasıdır. SPEI kuraklık indisi evapotranspirasyonu Thornthwaite eşitliği ile tahmin etmektedir. 25 yıllık veri seti ile yıllık SPEI ve SPI İndeksleri arasındaki regresyon analizinde, ikinci derece polinoma göre yıllık SPI ve SPEI kuraklık indeksleri arasında determinasyon katsayısı (R 2) 0.95 olarak belirlenmiş ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ancak aylık, mevsimlik ve altı aylık kuraklık değerlendirmelerinde kuraklık şiddetleri arasında farklar görülmüştür. Yıllık değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre;
Klimatolojik kaynaklı afetlerin içinde kuraklık en karmaşık ve hasar veren bir olaydır. Kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yağış, tarımsal üretimi kontrol eden en önemli faktördür. Türkiye'de de bazı bölgelerde kuraklık sorunu kendini özellikle tarım sektöründe ve ekosisteme yaptığı etkiler ile göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İstanbul-Büyükçekmece içme suyu havzasında yer alan Damlıca deresi havzasında 1982-2006 yılları arası havzada ölçülmüş meteorolojik veriler kullanılarak kuraklığın sıklığı ve şiddetinin Standartlaştırılmış Yağış Evapotranspirasyon İndisi (SPEI) ile belirlenmesi ve Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndisi (SPI) ile karşılaştırılmasıdır. SPEI kuraklık indisi evapotranspirasyonu Thornthwaite eşitliği ile tahmin etmektedir. 25 yıllık veri seti ile yıllık SPEI ve SPI İndeksleri arasındaki regresyon analizinde, ikinci derece polinoma göre yıllık SPI ve SPEI kuraklık indeksleri arasında determinasyon katsayısı (R 2) 0.977 olarak belirlenmiş ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ancak aylık, mevsimlik ve 6 aylık kuraklık değerlendirmelerinde kuraklık şiddetleri arasında farklar görülmüştür. Yıllık değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre;
Pollutants affect not only the environment in which they originate since they are also transported by air currents to other locations. For this reason, air pollution is a global problem for all countries and the air and water quality need to be monitored carefully. More information on precipitation chemistry is required to determine the source of pollution as well as its effects on the ecosystems. In this study, precipitation chemistry has been analyzed for the first time by using simple bulk collectors located at four different sites in Northwest Turkey for a period of two years. About 650 sequential rainwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, anions such as SO
Comparison of Micrometeorological Methods used for the Determination of Actual Evapotranspiration Levent ŞAYLAN1, Yunus Özkoca2*, Barış Çaldağ1, Fatih Bakanoğulları3 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul *Antalya Provincial Disaster and Emergency Directorate, Antalya 3Atatürk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute, Kırklareli * * Corresponding Author: yunus.ozkoca@afad.gov.tr Abstract: Among upmost important effects of climatic variability and change are the related variations in type, amount and timing of precipitation at global or regional scales. This aspect causes different effects from the agricultural point of view. Among these effects the drought phenomenon comes to the forefront. Efforts on eliminating the agricultural drought problem are mainly made by irrigation. That’s why the upmost important portion of available water is consumed by agricultural irrigation, globally. Concordantly, the evapotranspiration plays a crucial role on determination of the irrigation water requirement for agriculture and planning the related systems. Usage of the methods on direct measurement of actual evapotranspiration by global means, however; is quite scarce. In this study, the Bowen Ratio Energy Balance and micrometeorological Eddy Covariance Methods, which are widely in use for the measurement of actual evapotranspiration, have been used within the 2009-2010 wheat growing season in Kırklareli. In conclusion, a comparative evaluation of these approaches was done for the advantages and disadvantages by means of their determination abilities of actual evapotranspiration. Key words: Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Bowen Ratio, Energy Balance, Eddy Covariance
The Global warming in the world cause to the climate change in this century. Agriculture is one of the sectors that can be most affected by climate change. Agricultural production is affected by precipitation and temperature variables. Due to the changes in these two parameters, the increase in the temperatures and the changes in the amount of precipitation in parallel with this disrupt the ecological balance and bring along the problems of desertification and drought. Agricultural production is highly dependent on meteorological factors in Thrace region. For this reason, it is expected that changes in climatic factors will affect the agriculture of the region positively or negatively. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency and severity of meteorological and agricultural drought with two indexes between 1963-2019 years in Kırklareli province. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was used to determine monthly, seasonal, six monthly and annual agricultural drought. According to annual agricultural drought results, it was calculated ten years mild arid (1969, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2011, 2016, and 2019), five years moderate arid (1983, 1989, 1996, 2008, and 2015), one year severe arid (1994), and two years extreme arid (2000 and 2001). Another drought index which is Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to determine meteorological drought. According to annual meteorological drought results, Eight years mild arid (1964, 1969, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, and 2011), seven years moderate arid (1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, and 2008), and two years extreme arid (2000, 2001) was figured out. According to linear correlation analysis, a good correlation was obtained for SPI and SPEI values, between annual, six monthly (Spring-Summer), and three monthly only winter and spring periods (R2=0.871, R2=0.901, R2=0.974, and R2=0.919), respectively. In the 57-year observation period; 18 years were determined as the arid year with SPEI index and 67% of these total arid years (12 arid years) occurred and 17 years were determined as the arid year with SPI index and 76% of these total arid years (13 arid years) occurred, between 1982 and 2002 years. The SPEI drought index which use precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration data could give much good results to policy makers in drought mitigation policies in terms of giving results that are more accurate in agricultural production and drought assessments.
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