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Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal parasite worldwide that can cause infection in humans and animals. Blastocystis sp. has a high genetic diversity with 17 different subtypes (ST) identified to date. Since nine of these subtypes are common in both humans and animals, it has been proposed that animals may have a role in the transmission of Blastocystis sp. to human. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiological effect of animals on the human transmission of Blastocystis species by molecular methods for in our country. A total of 420 faecal samples were collected from the cattle, sheep, dogs, horses and chickens. Samples were stained with trichrome staining and cultivated by Jones's medium culture method. Blastocystis was detected in 53(12.6%) of 420. The samples were examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to identify nine common human subtypes. Subtypes were not detected in 33(62.3) of the 53 Blastocystis positive samples. Subtypes were detected in 20(37.7%) samples. The detected subtypes were as follows: ST5 in 4(7.5%) sheep, ST6 in 6(11.3%) chickens, ST7 in 11(20.7%) chickens, both ST6-ST7 were detected in one chicken). ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST4 - common subtypes in our country- were not detected in any animal. Sheep and chickens may be the source of human transmission of ST5, ST6 and ST7, the rare subtypes in our country. As a result, humans rather than animals, seem to be the source of the human transmission of Blastocystis sp. in our country.

Detecting sexually transmitted infectious agents in women by traditional methods is often troublesome. This study aimed to investigate bacterial vaginosis and vaginitis agents by culture, microscopic examination, and molecular methods in women with vaginal discharge complaints. A total of 100 female patients aged 18-50 years, who applied to Dicle University Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic with the complaint of vaginal discharge, were included in the study. Gram and Giemsa staining, culture, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) processes were performed from vaginal and endocervix samples taken with sterile swabs. Gram-stained specimens were evaluated with the Nugent score; the presence of leukocytes with polymorph nuclei, Clue-Cells, and different shaped bacteria. Culture-grown agents were identified at the species level by mass spectrometry. There was at least one microbial agent in 63% of the samples included in the study. According to Nugent scores, 27 specimens were determined positive, and 39 specimens had intermediate values for bacterial vaginosis(BV). Candida species (29%), Streptococcus agalactiae (9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3%) grew in culture while Mycoplasma hominis (23%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (13%), Trichomonas vaginalis (9% ) and Chlamydia trachomatis (3% ) were detected by multiplex PCR. In our study, it was determined that vaginal discharge could be caused by bacterial, fungal, and parasitic microorganisms as well as bacterial vaginosis agents. It is very difficult, laborious, and necessary to determine dysbiosis and infection in the vagina which has an important microbiome. Gram staining and culture methods are insufficient for the detection of vaginal infection agents. Therefore, it would be beneficial to use molecular methods in addition.