In inflammatory bone diseases such as periodontitis, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome accelerates bone resorption by promoting proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β production. However, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in physiological bone remodeling remains unclear. Here, we investigated its role in osteoclastogenesis in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial component. When bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in the presence of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, osteoclast formation was promoted in the absence of LPS but attenuated in its presence. BMMs treated with RANKL and LPS produced IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibited osteoclastogenesis, indicating IL-1β involvement. BMMs treated with RANKL alone produced no IL-1β but increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A ROS inhibitor suppressed apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors abrogated cytotoxicity in BMMs treated with RANKL, indicating that RANKL induces pyroptotic cell death in BMMs by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome via ROS. This suggests that the NLRP3 inflammasome promotes osteoclastogenesis via IL-1β production under infectious conditions, but suppresses osteoclastogenesis by inducing pyroptosis in osteoclast precursors under physiological conditions.

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Aims: This study aimed to evaluate chemical insecticides and bio-pesticides against flea beetle in cabbage. Study Design: The experiment was laid out at a randomized complete block design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh during the period from October 2017 to March 2018. Methodology: The experiment consisted of nine treatments viz. T1(Sevin 85 WP @ 2g/L of water), T2 (Decis 2.5 EC @ 1.0 ml/L of water), T3 (Voliam flexi @ 0.5 ml/L of water), T4 (Ripcord 10 EC @ 1.0 ml/L of water), T5 (Dursban 20EC @ 1 ml L-1 of water), T6 (Tobacco leaf extract @ 3 g L-1 of water), T7 (Neem seed kernel extract @ 3 g L-1 of water), T8 (Bioneem plus 1 EC @ 1 ml L-1 of water) and T9 (Untreated Control) were used at 7 days interval. Results: Stripped flea beetle(Phyllotreta striolata) and white-spotted flea beetle (Monolepta signata), these two species of flea beetle were found in the experimental field. Among all the treatments T4 (Ripcord 10EC)performed the best in managing flea beetles based on the lowest percentage of leaf infestation (5.84%), lowest no. of holes per plant (6.13), lowest percentage of head infestation by number (18.04) and highest percentage of infestation reduction over control on all parameters at vegetative stage of plant. Again, the lowest leaf infestation intensity (5.73%), lowest number of holes per infested head (14.00), lowest percentage of infestation of head by number (6.69) were achieved at harvesting stage from the same treatment (T4) whereas the highest values of all these parameters were achieved from untreated control treatment (T9). T4 treatment provided the best performance in yield where yield was increased (112.51 %) over control, giving maximum yield 75.76 tons ha-1. Bioneem plus 1 EC (T8) performed the best among the biopesticides while the neem seed kernel extract showed less effectivity against flea beetle. Conclusion: It is concluded that in case of chemical insecticides Ripcord 10EC while in case of biopesticides Bioneem plus 1 EC would be effective for flea beetle management.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs more in women than men. Escherichia coli are responsible in most cases. The microbial (Lactobacillus) species which inhabit in the vaginal tract, play an important role in the prevention of infection. Irrational use of antibiotics contributes to changes in antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens. Hence, administration of probiotics exogenously may cause colonization of Lactobacillus in female urogenital organs.Objectives: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of UTI among women in Bangladesh.Methods: This interventional, prospective, non-randomized trial was conducted among women suffering from UTI in the department of Pharmacology and Gynecology of Uttara Adhunik Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January, 2019 to June, 2021. A total of 162 women who suffered from UTI were enrolled to receive probiotic, antibiotic, and probiotic + antibiotic treatments. Urine culture and sensitivity test of all participants was done during enrollment. Patients came for follow-up visits on day 30 of completion of therapy and the final study population was 132. Results: Among the 132 participants, the mean ages were 34.23±14.28 years (mean±SD). Average duration of UTI prior to enrollment was 77.61±288.59 days. 93.18% patients complaint burning sensation of urination, pain or pressure in the back or lower abdomen (67.42%) and fever (37.12%), respectively. During enrollment, urine R/M/E test revealed that most of the urine samples showed no growth of organisms (84.8%) and E. coli (09.85%). Most commonly used antibiotic was nitrofurantoin (43.33%), cefixime (18.88%), and ciprofloxacin (18.88%). During follow-up, urine sample culture revealed no growth of pathogenic organisms in 131 (99.24%) and E. coli in one patient who was treated with only probiotics.Conclusions: The present study revealed that the use of probiotics is effective and safe to treat UTI in women in Bangladesh.Trial registration number: CTRI/2020/05/025175, Date: 14.05.2020

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate some Bio insecticide   and management against fruit fly in bitter gourd. Study Design: The experiment was laid out at a randomized complete block design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh during the period from February,2022 to july,2022. Methodology: The experiment consisted of seven treatments viz. T1(Lycomax 2g/lit of water+ Cutrac+ Yellow Sticky trap+ Sanitation), T2(Lycomax 2g/lit of water+ Ceranock+ Yellow Sticky trap+ Cultural control), T3 (Biomax M 1.2 EC+ Cuelure+ Yellow Sticky trap), T4 (Lycomax 2g/ lit of water+ Yellow Sticky trap), T5 (Biomax M 1.2 EC + Ceronock+ Cutrac), T6 Sanitation+ Cultural control+ Cuelure), T7 (Untreated Control) were used at 7 days interval. Results: The degree of the fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) infestation at various phases of bitter gourd ripening was investigated in the field and in the lab, as well as the effectiveness of some bio-pesticides and other control methods used in combination. Among all treatments the highest number of fruit fly was captured in Lycomax 2g/lit of water+ Ceranock+ Yellow Sticky trap+ Cultural control treated plot.Healthy fruit per plant (9.50 fruit/plot) also found from T2 treated plot. whereas the maximum amount of infested fruit number (12.21 fruit/plot), number of punctures per fruit (6.74 puncture/fruit) and infested fruit weight (77.13gm) was found from the control plot. The highest percentage reduction of puncture number over control resulted in treatment T2 treated plot which was 92.58% which is near to treatment T4 (85.16%) and also highest amount of healthy fruit weight (232.75 gm) came from T2. In terms of maximum yield (2.54 kg/ plot) gained from Lycomax 2g/lit of water+ Ceranock+ Yellow Sticky trap+ Cultural control treated plot (T2). From the study it was found that all the treatments except control (T7) work effectively against fruit fly infestation. Conclusion: It is concluded that T2 treatment (Lycomax 2g/lit of water+ Ceranock+ Yellow Sticky trap+ Cultural control) was the best one among the all trerments.