Learning outcomes refer to the performance of the students in academic tests pertaining to the respective grade level. In Pakistan, survey evidences from Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) show a significant dispersion in learning outcomes of public schools as compared with private sector counterpart. The perceived results of learning outcomes in private schools very clear but less evidence is found for educational outcome of schools run under public-private partnership programs. This becomes especially relevant when status of curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular activities is compared between public school, private schools, and schools run under public private partnership. In recent literature, it is found that schools taken up by public-private partnership have been providing a better learning environment—Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Development, Administrative changes, Academic Innovation and Planning, Teacher Reform and Student Affairs—is perceived to have a positive impact on learning outcomes. It is to investigate and document that the investments in these areas are justifiable. To promote this fact, we conduct a quasi-experiment to examine the profiles of students in a public-private partnership school at Karachi (running under Zindagi Trust program) and a public school (as counterfactual) in the same neighbourhood. We also recorded the household and socioeconomic characteristics to create a good set of control variables. The propensity-score results show that public-private school is performing better than that of comparison group in attaining learning outcomes thus showing positive effects of PPP. Finally, the study probed into household and parental covariates of student's educational outcomes to enhance internal validity of results. JEL Classification: I21, C21, L32. Keywords: Educational Learning Outcomes, Public-Private Partnership, Quasi-experiment.

When it comes to dental fluorosis, the severity of the condition determines which treatment method is the best. Considering the good aesthetics, wear resistance, biocompatibility, and ease of manipulation of direct composite veneers, they are considered the treatment for mild to moderate cases of fluorosis. In this case study, a 20-year-old female underwent a step-by-step rehabilitation of fluorosis teeth with resin composite as direct veneers. The patient presented in the department of operative and restorative dentistry at the College of Dentistry, Sharif medical and dental college with tooth discoloration.

OBJECTIVES To find the association between gender and the patterns of impactions and associated radiolucency in Mandibleand Maxilla. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients visiting SharifMedical and Dental College (SMDC), Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) and Institute of Dentistry,CMH, Lahore Medical College, Lahore over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021.The angle of the impacted third molar was classified using Winters classification. The Pell and Gregoryclassification was used for depth of third molar impaction and ramus relationship of mandibular third molars.Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 23 and a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The angle of impaction and gender in impacted mandibular third molars were significantly associated with eachother (p=0.011) while the depth of impaction (p=0.729), and ramus relationship(p=0.318) were not significantlyassociated with gender. The associa tion between gender and periapical radiolucency (p=0.605), peri coronalradiolucency (p=0.591), caries (p=0.499) and external resorption (p=0.499) were non-significant. In maxillaryimpacted third molars the association between gender and depth of impaction (p=0.121), angle of impaction(p=0.284), periapical radiolucency (p=0.111), peri coronal radiolucency (p=0.805) and caries (p=1.000) werenon-significant. CONCLUSION In impacted mandibular third molars the periapical, peri coronal radiolucency,caries and external resorption weremore in the males as compared to the females. In maxillary third molar impactions, the periapical radiolucencyradiolucency was greater in males while peri coronal radiolucency was greater in females.

Objectives: To fi nd the correlation between personality traits and oral para-functional habits.Methods and materials: A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore over a period of 5 months from July to November 2021 on 200 participants. Data was collected using medical questionnaire and ten item personality inventory scale (TIPI). SPSS 23 was used for statistical analysis. P values less than equal to 0.05 was considered signifi cant Kendall tau b test was used to fi nd the correlation of the personality trait scores and the parafunctional habits.Results: A statistically significant weak negative correlation was seen between emotional stability and teeth grinding (τb= -0.117, p=0.038), teeth clenching (τb= -0.124, p=0.026) and the parafunctional habit of biting on hard objects (τb= -0.156, p=0.005).Conclusion: Emotional stability was negatively correlated to tooth grinding, tooth clenching and biting on hard objects. Individuals with a high score of emotional stability did not have these parafunctional habits while those with a high score of extraversion had all the parafunctional habits except chewing gum.

Objective: To constitute a Pharmacy Therapeutic Committee (PTC) and compile, design, develop and publish Owaisi Hospital and Research Centre (OHRC) Hospital Formulary for a tertiary care multi speciality hospital as a patient safety drug delivery system in promoting rational use of drugs. Methodology: PTC Committee was constituted and a descriptive form was designed for acquisition of data for drugs prescribed in respective departments and information pertaining to treatment modalities. The content of monographs to be incorporated was approved by PTC. The latest drug list was obtained from central pharmacy, respective departments/specialties and nursing stations. Subsequently, drugs were classified therapeutically along with USFDA pregnancy risk category; individual drug monographs were prepared, required ancillary information was added and lastly compared with WHO Essential Drugs List (EDL). Copies of the formulary were given to Medical Superintendent, Chief Medical Officer, and Chief Pharmacist and all the departments of Owaisi Group of Hospitals for implementation in the hospital as a tool to promote rational drug use. Results: PTC approved OHRC Hospital Formularyas a handy desk reference was compiled in 530 pages containing 306 generic drugs and FDCs. About 58 drugs were identified as Category A and B, 138 drugs as Category C, D, B/D, A/C and C/D and 7 drugs as Category X. Conclusion: Hospital formulary reflects the current clinical judgment of medical staff ensuring rational drug therapy, controlling drug costs, evidence based prescribing to reduce variation in the levels of treatment; additionally it helps in better inventory control by avoiding zero stock level and to limit the number of brands for each generic drug..