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Pre-extinction Demographic Stability and Genomic Signatures of Adaptation in the Woolly Rhinoceros Highlights d Complete genome and mitogenome analysis of the extinct woolly rhinoceros d Demographic analysis suggests stable population size until close to extinction d No increased inbreeding or reduced genomic diversity coinciding with human arrival d Woolly rhinoceros had genetic adaptations to arctic climate

Highlights d Analysis of genomes from all five extant and three extinct rhinoceros species d Strong phylogenomic support for the geographical hypothesis of rhinoceros evolution d Basal split between African and Eurasian lineages in the early Miocene (16 mya) d While all rhinoceroses have low genome diversity, it is lowest in modern-day ones

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