Aim To investigate the impact of apical extent of root filling on vertical root fracture (VRF) in a case–control study. Methodology Eighty‐six patients (119 roots) diagnosed with VRF in crowned root filled anterior and posterior teeth were selected. The cases were matched individually with control teeth in a ratio of 1:1 for age (±5 years), gender, tooth type, canal instrumentation method, master apical file (MAF) size and taper, technique of canal filling and time period after root filling. All root canals had been prepared using nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments and filled using the lateral compaction technique. The apical extent of root filling (overfilled to or beyond the radiographic apex or not overfilled and short of the radiographic apex) was recorded as the dependent variable by two individual examiners. Inter‐examiner agreement was obtained using Kappa statistics. Recorded numbers of overfilled and not overfilled canals in cases and controls were analysed using chi‐square tests and conditional logistic regression, and odds ratio was calculated. In addition, the frequency distribution of vertical and cross‐sectional extensions and the course of VRFs were evaluated. Results The mean age of patients with VRFs was 50 ± 10 years with 27 (31%) males and 59 (69%) females. The Kappa score for inter‐observer agreement was 0.832 (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference between cases and controls with respect to apical extent of root filling (P < 0.0001). When compared to roots not overfilled, overfilled roots had 11.5 times higher odds for occurrence of VRF (OR = 11.5; CI: 4.99 – 26.48). Most VRFs had a complete corono‐apical longitudinal extension and were present bucco‐lingually/palatally. Conclusion After matching for age, gender, tooth type, MAF size and taper, canal filling technique and time period after root filling, root canals filled to or beyond the radiographic apex following lateral compaction had a greater association with VRF than canals filled short of the radiographic apex.

The current study aimed to formulate an elementary osmotic pump (EOP) and push-pull osmotic pump (PPOP) based drug delivery system for controlled release of an anti-diabetic agent, repaglinide is expected to provide sustained release. EOP and PPOP method prepared repaglinide tablets by wet granulation technique. EOP designed 15 formulations F1-F15 and 14 formulations were done by PPOP method. All the formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters and in-vitro dissolution studies. The release data was fitted into mathematical kinetic modeling studies to check the release mechanism. Further, the optimized formulations from both methods were characterized by FTIR and stability studies. EOP and PPOP methods successfully prepared repaglinide osmotic tablets. All the formulations exhibitedb satisfactory results for all evaluated parameters. The highest drug release was exhibited from F15 prepared by EOP method with 99.76% and FF14 with 15% coating prepared by PPOP method with drug release of 99.73%. Based on the in vitro dissolution profile, formulation F15 and FF14 exhibited zero-order with Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics with Fickian diffusion-controlled release mechanism with high drug release in 24 hours and hence were selected as optimized formulations. The drug-excipient compatibility study by FTIR indicated no significant interactions between drugs and excipients. The formulations were stable after 3 months of accelerated stability studies. EOP and PPOP were designed to effectively administrate repaglinide drugs for a prolonged period of time.

Objectives: To estimate the frequency of vitamin D insuffi ciency in individuals with cirrhosis of the liver based on histomorphology.Methods and materials: In the current investigation, 148 patients were tracked to determine the incidence of vitamin D insuffi ciency in adults with liver cirrhosis based on histomorphology. All those participants, both males and females, with liver cirrhosis (of any severity) for at least 06 months and aged 30 to 60 years were included whereas, the individuals with osteomalacia or vitamin D insufficiency (as determined by medical records) and chronic renal failure (as determined by specifi c investigations or medical records) were excluded in the study.All patients presenting to OPD meeting the inclusion criteria i.e. people with cirrhosis. Vitamin D insuffi ciency was stratified by age, gender, and disease duration to examine the impact modifi ers using the chi square test having a p-value of <0.05 regarded as noteworthy by Using SPSS version 20.Results: In the present study, the age distribution of 148 patients was examined which was; from 30-40 years were 41 (27.7%), 41-50 years were 60 (40.5%) and from 51-60 years were 47(31.8%). Average age was 55.56±3.357 years. Gender wise distribution among 148 patients was analysed as; males were 94 (63.5%) and females were 54 (36.5%). Distribution of BMI classifi cation among 148 patients was analysed as; below 18.5 (underweight) was 60 (40.5%), 18.5-24.9 (normal weight) were 43 (29.1%), 25.0-29.9 (pre-obesity) were 19 (12.8%) and 30.0-34.9 (obesity class) were 26 (17.6%). Distribution of diabetes among 148 patients were analysed as; Yes was found in 57 (38.5%) and No was found in 91 (61.5%). Distribution of smoking among 148 patients were analyzed as; Yes, was found in 51 (34.5%) whereas No was found in 97(65.5%).Conclusion: The link between vitamin D and liver cirrhosis on histomorphology has significant therapeutic promise. We expect to look into a variety of extra-skeletal indications in the near future. The link between vitamin D defi cit and liver function, infectious effects, and fi brosis may back its use as a prognostic as well as suggestive tool.