Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a granulomatous illness that mostly affects the lungs. Pakistan is one of the eight nations that accounts for two-thirds of all new cases of developing TB. TB has long been an endemic disease in Pakistan. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, the nation has over 500 000 incident TB infections per year, with a rising number of drug-resistant cases. Recently, the coexistence of COVID-19 and TB in Pakistan has provided doctors with a problem. Fever or chills, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing are all signs of COVID-19. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, cough might persist for weeks or months and it is frequently accompanied by persistent tiredness, cognitive impairment, dyspnoea or paina group of long-term consequences known as post-COVID syndrome or protracted COVID. Coughing with mucus or blood, and coughing that continues over 2 months are indications of TB. The same clinical presentation features make it difficult for healthcare personnel to effectively evaluate the illness and prevent the spread of these fatal diseases. Pakistan lacks the necessary healthcare resources to tackle two contagious diseases at the same time. To counteract the sudden increase in TB cases, appropriate management and effective policies must be implemented. Thus, in order to prevent the spread of these infectious diseases, it is critical to recognise and address the problems that the healthcare sector faces, as well as to create an atmosphere in which the healthcare sector can function at its full potential.

Diabetes mellitus with its increasing prevalence is one of the four major non-communicable diseases. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, which may progress to chronic complications such as peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy. This paper highlights the pathophysiology associated with diabetes, which is restricted to not only hyperglycemia but also other comorbidities including chronic lower back pain.Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. This chain of events leads to free plasma fatty acids and a pro-inflammatory state, therefore promoting calcification of blood vessels, which may block the blood supply to vertebral discs and thereby increase vulnerability in the patients with ongoing inflammatory disease such as osteoarthritis and also causing costochondritis. Functional limitation due to increased load on the weight-bearing joints is a common mechanical complication of diabetes. Obesity in diabetes is more prevalent due to a disturbed metabolism, which is aggravated with a persistent inflammatory state.Moreover, the aim of this review is to encourage further conduction of clinical studies to explore the definite cause and potential therapy for chronic lower back pain in diabetes, thereby investigating the association of lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle atrophy leading to chronic back pain, the role of diabetic medications, and vulnerability in the female gender. Diminished physical activity and depression in diabetic patients disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), which further contributes to lower back pain. Further clinical investigation and research in this regard will establish substantial data for the linkage between depression in diabetes and back pain. However, despite all the advancements of medical literature, the exact cause of lower back pain in diabetes is arguable.Pain impedes the health status and life quality; therefore, it is essential to maintain the quality of health in patients with diabetes by treating not only hyperglycemia but also other multifactorial causes leading to lower back pain.

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The researches have revealed the legislature as the policy or law-making body and the executive branch as the policy implementing body whereas the third pillar of the state, the judiciary, is considered as a legal institute working as an arbitrator in all legal matters. However, the increasing pieces of evidence depict that the judiciary not only acts as an arbitrator in all legal controversies but also plays a role in public policymaking and politics. It is one of the official actors that plays its role in policy processes. This paper examines the role of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) in generating policy input at different stages of policy making. Content and thematic analysis methods have been used on all judicial verdicts given by the SCP on Human Rights Cases (HRCs). The time period ranges from 2009 to 2019. Purposive sampling technique is utilized to draw a sample containing HRCs from the population of judicial verdicts given by SC during the last ten years. The analysis reveals that the Supreme Judiciary provides its policy input and impacts policy process. It has the power to play its significant role in policymaking by giving policy input in problem identification and agenda-setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, and policy evaluation. The policy input given by SCP should be utilized in an effective way to reduce human rights issues and alleviate the infringement of fundamental rights of the citizens of Pakistan.