Chronotype can be classified as morningness types, people who prefer morning hours for their physical and mental activities; eveningness types, people who prefer the afternoon or evening hours; and intermediate types, those who show characteristics of both morningness and eveningness types. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked with disturbances in chronotype, particularly increased eveningness. Despite the possibility of an association between chronotypes, sleep disturbances and ADHD symptoms, there is little evidence of this association considering the child population. The purpose of this study was to examine chronotype preferences in children aged between 7 and 12 years who were diagnosed as having ADHD in the context of sleep disturbances. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, Conner's Rating Scales, Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire and Children's Chronotype Questionnaire were used for the evaluation of children with ADHD and healthy controls. The ADHD group was 73% combined-type, and the eveningness scores of the ADHD group (n = 52) were significantly higher than the control group (n = 52) (p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between the higher scores of eveningness and total scores on resistance to sleep time (p < 0.09), respiratory problems during sleep and daytime sleepiness in the ADHD group. CSHQ total score was found to be a predictive factor for eveningness among children with ADHD (p < 0.01). These findings highlight possible reciprocal links between ADHD symptoms, sleep disturbances and chronotype in children aged 7-12 years, which might lead to individualized treatment options.

Early diagnosis of autism certainly stands as one of the most important determinants to ensure a better prognosis of the disorder, it is common that the screening programs to ensure this, end up not being implemented in health systems of many countries. This may stem from the disadvantages of classically suggested scale‐based screening (SBS) programs. This study presents a nationwide recognition and referral model for early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), in order to meet the obvious need for new methods. The model consists of interactive video‐based training (IVBAT) of health care workers (HCW), a system where family physicians (FPs) record five probable indicators of autism in their family medicine information system; and is therefore, a practical referral system in which the FP may refer a child with any suggestive finding to a child psychiatrist and may well continue to monitor recently diagnosed cases. The autism teams consist of trained child psychiatrists and coordinators, who delivered trainings to 29,612 FPs and 23,511 nurses countrywide. Of 98.8% FPs were trained throughout the country. Total of 1,863,096 children were reported to have a brief examination of autism signs in Family Medicine Units by trained FPs and nurses. A total of 55,314 (2.96%) these children were deemed at risk for ASD and were referred to child psychiatrists. In the evaluation of 55,314 children by child psychiatrists, 10,087 cases were diagnosed with developmental disorders, while 3226 of children at risk were diagnosed with autism. The results of this study, which reached to the largest sample to date, suggest that some other alternative methods, in addition to SBS should also be tested in order to screen ASD. Lay Summary In this study, a nationwide recognition and referral model for early identification of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is presented. Scale‐based screening (SBS) is the most recommended model for autism, however, it is clear that most countries can not implement this model in their health system. The results of this study, which reached to the largest sample to date, suggest that SBS may not be the only me for screening ASD and that alternative methods should be tried, as there is an obvious need for exploratory approaches.

Objectives: Schizophrenia is a disorder with different clinical features. Schizophrenia may start insidiously and slow and go on for many years. But the negative symptoms and deficiency symptoms leading to social deterioration may come to the forefront. All these factors are taken into consideration, our aim in this study was to examine the demographic and clinical effects of symptoms on schizophrenic patients who have not yet been treated. Methods: Eighty patients who were admitted to the Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, who did not have any previous antipsychotic medications and who did not use medications at the time of admission and who met the criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5. Sociodemografic Data Form and the PANSS scale were used to assess the clinical status of the patients. Results: When the demographic characteristics of the participants were examined, 33 (41.2%) were female and 47 (58.8%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 31.08±9.37; mean education year was 8.76±3.53. When the patients participating in the study were evaluated in terms of gender, marital status, working status, smoking status, and family history, no statistical differences were found between the groups in terms of their PANSS scores (p>0.05). However, the PANSS Negative subscale scores (p<.001), general psychopathology scores (p=0.006), and total PANSS scores (p=0.003) were statistically significantly different between the three groups when the patients were untreated for 0-1 years, 1-5 years, and 5 years. Conclusions: In this study none of the sociodemographic factors we assessed had any effect on symptom severity. However, there are different results in the literature regarding gender, age, marital status and working status. Besides, it has been determined that the most important clinical manifestation in our study is the period without treatment. Further studies should identify demographic and clinical features that affect schizophrenic symptom changes.

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