Marine-derived fungi receive excessive attention as prolific producers of structurally unique secondary metabolites. Whilst they are promising substitutes or conjugates for current therapeutics, so far research has only touched on their secondary metabolite diversity.

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Background and Objectives: Inappropriate antibiotic usage in hospitalized patients contributes to microbial resistance. Our study aimed to examine the incidence of clinical bacterial isolates and their antibiotic resistance burden among critically ill patients in different hospital units. Materials and Methods: A single-centered cross-sectional study was conducted in a 120-bed tertiary care hospital that included 221 critically ill patients with hospital-acquired infections. Bacterial cultures and sensitivity reports were obtained and followed by a formal analysis of the antibiogram results to explore recovered isolates’ prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Results: Gram-negative bacteria were the most predominant pathogens among recovered isolates from the various hospital units (71%). Klebsiella sp. was the most prevalent microbe, followed by Acinetobacter sp., with an incidence level of 28% and 16.2%, respectively. Among the Gram-positive organisms, the coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most predominant organism (11.3%), while (6.3%) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were recovered from different hospital units. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that polymyxin B was the most effective antibiotic against Gram-negative bacteria, whereas vancomycin and linezolid were the most active antibiotics against Gram-positive pathogens. Moreover, 7% of the Gram-negative bacteria isolated from different units showed positive production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Conclusions: The current study describes the high antibiotic resistance patterns in various hospital units that need extra legislation to prevent healthcare providers from misprescription and overuse of antibiotics.

Marine microorganisms took excessive attention as prolific producers of structurally unique secondary metabolites, offering a promising potential as substitutes or conjugates for the current therapeutics. Given the fact that various fungal species have the potential to produce secondary metabolites, only a small share of bioactive natural products have been identified from marine microorganisms thus far, we are confident that existing research has only scratched the surface in terms of secondary metabolites diversity and potential industrial applications. Anthraquinones derived from filamentous fungi are a distinct large group of polyketides containing compounds of the quinone family which feature a common 9,10-dioxoanthracene core. A considerable number of reported anthraquinones and their derivatives have shown tremendous biological activities as well as highly economical, commercial, and biomedical potentialities such as anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Accordingly, and in this context, this review comprehensively covers the state-of-art over 20 years about 208 structurally diverse anthraquinones and their derivatives isolated from different species of marine-derived fungal genera along with their reported bioactivity wherever applicable. Also, in this manuscript, we will present recent insights centred on their biosynthetic routes.