if it is related to their disease. 9,10 On the contrary, even if all beekeepers diagnosed with PD were among the responders, the estimated prevalence would be 20/1885 × 100 = 1.06% (20 PD patients among 1885 beekeepers aged 60 years and above), which is within the prevalence expected in the general population of the same age. We did not examine participants to confirm the diagnosis of PD. Because in Slovenia all patients with PD are followed up by a neurologist, misdiagnoses are unlikely. Finally, bee stings might not be an optimal method of BV application for a successful preventive effect. Yet all hitherto-conducted clinical studies used subcutaneous BV application, which is equivalent to envenoming by bee stings.We conclude that regular and extensive exposure to BV in pre-disease state and prodromal stage of PD does not prevent or reduce the neurodegeneration to the extent that it could prevent the expression of the disease.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Progressive agrammatic aphasia (PAA) can be associated with abnormal behaviors; however, it is unknown whether behaviors occur and/or are different in patients with primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS). We aimed to compare baseline and longitudinal behavioral symptomatology between PPAOS, patients with PAA, and patients with both apraxia of speech and PAA (AOS-PAA). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We recruited 89 patients for this study, 40 with PPAOS, 11 with PAA, and 38 with AOS-PAA. Behavioral disturbances were evaluated using the frontal behavior inventory (FBI) which was also split into negative behaviors and disinhibition, and the 20-item behavioral assessment scale (20-BAS). Data analysis was performed using linear regression and linear mixed models. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 89 patients in the study, 54% were women and the mean age at onset was 68 years. All patients, regardless of diagnosis, endorsed at least one symptom on the FBI at baseline, most frequently verbal apraxia (100%), logopenia (95.6%), irritability (55.9%), and apathy (42.6%). On the 20-BAS, 47.6% of the patients endorsed at least one symptom, most commonly “crying more easily” (19.5%) and personality change (18.3%). PPAOS was the least behaviorally affected group, with differences between PPAOS and AOS-PAA mainly driven by negative behaviors as opposed to disinhibition for PPAOS and PAA. The behavioral metrics showed average sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between groups. Behavioral disturbances worsened over time although rate of behavioral change across groups was similar. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Behavioral disturbances are more common and severe in patients with agrammatic aphasia with or without AOS compared to patients with isolated apraxia of speech.