The thermal comfort conditions of the educational buildings affect students' attention, focus, perception and learning levels. The design of transparent areas is important in the control of solar radiation affecting thermal comfort conditions. The aim of this study is to determine thermal comfort conditions in classrooms with different transparency ratios and to make suggestions for improvements. Classrooms in the same building on the university campus, in the same direction (south) and with different transparency ratios were determined as study areas. Measurements (PMV-PPD) and surveys (AMV-APD) were carried out during a day in heating period. The thermal comfort conditions were evaluated according to the comfort intervals specified in ASHRAE-55 and ISO-7730 standards. The results showed that there were significant differences in thermal comfort between classrooms. If the transparency ratio is more than necessary, it causes discomfort and redundant energy consumption. Suggestions have been made to ensure solar control and thermal comfort conditions.

With the use of Perforated Solar Screen (PSS), solar gains are controlled, cooling loads are reduced, and comfort conditions can be achieved while using its energy efficiently. Nowadays, the use of PSS is increased, especially in large, glazed facades. The design of PSS needs to develop and optimize for the temperate humid climate. A new design proposal is presented by considering the basic principles in terms of providing solar control by PSS within the scope of the study. The optimization of the design proposal has been carried out in terms of solar radiation, Annual Sun Exposure (ASE), and View with the use of Rhinoceros/Grasshopper by considering the design variables (angle, perforation ratio, width, and distance, etc.) of the PSS. An optimum design proposal has been presented for the existing classroom (transparency ratio: 60%) on the southern facade. Thermal comfort and surface temperature have been calculated. Design proposals can be developed for the west and east facades by using the method of this study.

 A method proposal to determine the effect of the changes in the strengthened buildings on the visual conditions  Examining the visual comfort conditions of an educational building with the proposed method  The importance of structural system design in the efficient use of spaces in terms of visual comfort Figure A. Examination steps of the visual comfort changes of the strengthened educational building Purpose:The aim of the study can be summarized as proposing a method for determining and improving the visual comfort in buildings damaged by an earthquake and renewed by reinforced the structural system, and in this context, determining the changes in the visual comfort conditions building whose structural system has been strengthened and making some suggestions for improvement. Theory and Methods:In line with this aim, according to the proposed method for the strengthened buildings, the lighting conditions (natural, artificial, integrated) in the before and after of classrooms, which are assumed to be typical of an existing education building, were examined and evaluated in the context of relevant standards, and some improvement designs were offered. Results:The findings revealed that although the lighting conditions were more favorable before retrofitting the examined building, it was generally not sufficient in terms of the standards in before and after cases, and new designs should be created for required conditions. As a result of the study, it has been determined that more attention to the lighting technique and the effects of natural and artificial lighting in the interiors will be more positive in terms of energy efficiency, using natural resources, and creating appropriate indoor conditions for visual comfort. Conclusion:of the spaces and especially the visual comfort. The issue to be considered is that while the inevitable strengthening changes are made, it is necessary to produce solutions that do not compromise the comfort conditions of the users. The methods proposed in the study and the examination methods and suggestions used specifically for the classrooms will contribute to the creation of suitable conditions for visual comfort and energy efficiency in the spaces in the retrofitted buildings.

Shopping Malls where the number of occupants changes according to the days use the HVAC systems in order to provide thermal comfort. This study evaluated the relation between efficiency of the HVAC systems and thermal comfort conditions in the heating and cooling seasons. The aim of this study is to compare the indoor thermal comfort conditions according to standards. In order to analyze the thermal comfort conditions of two enclosed above-ground shopping malls that have a different HVAC systems, measurements (PMV-PPD) and surveys (AMV-APD) were conducted simultaneously. Occupant density and energy consumption data were taken from the shopping malls. The results show that the cooling season was more comfortable than the heating season in both shopping malls and one of the Shopping Malls has a better thermal comfort and a less energy consumption although it has a higher occupant density. According to the results, suggestions were developed for improving the thermal comfort conditions and reducing the energy consumption.

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