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The lack of feasible therapies and comorbidities aggravate the COVID-19 case-fatality rate (CFR). However, reports examining CFR associations with diabetes, concomitant cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and chronic liver disease (CLD) are limited. More studies assessing hydroxychloroquine (Hcq) and antivirals are needed. Purpose: To examine associations of COVID-19 CFR in comorbid patient groups each with single comorbidities and after treatment with Hcq, favipiravir, and dexamethasone (Dex), either alone or in combination versus standard care. Methods: Using statistical analysis, we descriptively determined these associations among 750 COVID-19 patient groups during the last quarter of 2021. Results: A diabetes comorbidity (40%, n=299) showed twice the fatality (CFR 14%) of the others (CFR 7%; P=0.001). Hypertension (Htn) was the second-commonest comorbidity (29.5%, n=221), with similar CFR to diabetes (15% and 7% for Htn and non-Htn, respectively), but with higher significance (P=0.0006167). Although only 4% (n=30) heart failure (HF) was reported, the CFR (40%) was much higher than in those without it (8%). A similar rate (4%) for chronic kidney disease was reported, with CFRs of 33% and 9% among those with and without it, respectively (P=0.00048). Ischemic heart disease was 11% (n=74), followed by chronic liver disease (0.4%) and history of smoking (1%); however, these were not significant due to the sample sizes. Treatment indicated standard care and Hcq alone or in combination were superior (CFR of 4% and 0.5%, respectively) compared to favipiravir (25%) or Dex (38.5%) independently or in combination (35.4%). Furthermore, Hcq performed well (CFR 9%) when combined with Dex (9%; P=4.28-26 ). Conclusion:The dominance of diabetes and other comorbidities with significant association with CFR implied existence of a common virulence mechanism. The superiority of low-dose Hcq and standard care over antivirals warrants further studies.

Background: Patient satisfaction reflects the healthcare quality of the facility. Therefore, it is important to determine satisfaction level of the patient satisfaction in order to improve services'quality provided to patients. aim: to assess the satisfaction level of patients at the Family Medicine Employee Clinic at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This study is a cross-sectional that included 224 patients. Method: The study was conducted in King Fahad Medical City at the Family Medicine Employee Clinic between March and December 2019. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather the data. The questionnaire included questions regarding the demographics of patients and questions to examine their satisfaction with the services provided by the clinic. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Results: The study comprised 90 patients, 71.1% of which were female; 77.8% of participants lived in Riyadh; 92.2% of patients were in the age range of 25–75 years; 51.1% were single; 56.7% had income lower than 10,000 SR; 63.3% had college education; and 95.6% were employees of King Fahd Hospital. The mean ± SD of satisfaction was determined to be at 8.6 ± 1.7. There was a significant inverse correlation between income and satisfaction (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Patients reportedly showed high levels of satisfaction, especially regarding the experience of nurses, ease of registration and making appointments, treatment by receptionists, and cleanliness of clinics. The results of the survey reflect the effectiveness and efforts of the employees of the clinic.

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Background: Social media is growing rapidly in the last few years and it became daily used by individuals, especially adolescents and young adults. Although social media has several benefits such as easy communication between individuals, it has also other drawbacks and negative influence on individuals. Aim: To assess the association between the level of social media use and body dissatisfaction among male and female college students and to examine these associations according to different types of social media. Method: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on students at King Saud University in Riyadh—Saudi Arabia, using self-administrated questionnaire “The Body Shape Questionnaire BSQ-8.” Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (Version 21.0). Results: The present study included 204 students, females were more dominant (53.9%). Around 47.1% of participants spent >4 h, and the most used type of social media used was Twitter (46.6%). There were 71.1% who had low dissatisfaction. Several factors significantly had an impact on the level of dissatisfaction including upper class status (P = 0.015), using social media for 3–4 h (P = 0.05) and suing social media for more than 4 h (P = 0.011). Conclusion: There was low level of dissatisfaction level among students, however this level didn't differ between gender, so social media in Saudi Arabia didn't have the huge effect seen in other countries, especially among females.