The purpose of this study was cognitive analysis of pain metaphors in Iranian patients. Method and Materials: This qualitative study has been done among 30 patients with musculoskeletal pain through cognitive analysis. The participants were asked to compare their pain to anything that comes to their minds. In next stage, frequent categories of pain source domains were extracted from 300 statements manually. Findings: The results of this study showed that there were 9 important pain source domains as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle. Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that pain as like abstract concepts can be understood as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle among Persian patients.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of pain catastrophizing based on pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility in cancer patients Method and Materials: In this cross-sectional study all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-22 were the target population. Among this population 250 cancer patients were selected via candidate and at reach sampling method. Then the selected patients completed the Paknejad et al.`s Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014), Sullivan et al. `s Pain Catastrophizing Pain (1995), and Dennis et al.`s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and step by step regression analysis were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24.Findings: There was a relationship between cognitive flexibility and pain anxiety symptoms with pain catastrophizing (P0.01>). The relationship between pain catastrophizing with pain anxiety symptoms was positive. However, there was a negative relationship between pain catastrophizing and cognitive flexibility. Moreover, catastrophizing pain could be predicted based on anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility. Conclusion: To conclude, it seems in cancer patients some cognitive factors have important roles in pain catastrophizing as pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Quality of Life (QOL)is a basic and pervasive term for the quality of the various domains in human life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skeletal-muscular pains on the quality of life in nursing and midwifery students. Method and Instruments: This cross-sectional study was done in 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical sciences (TUMS) aged between 18-22 years old. The students were selected by simple random sampling. They standard Nordic pain questionnaire and WHO-quality of life scales were applied to collect data. Mean / standard Deviation (SD) and T test were used to analyze data through SPSS-25 software. Findings: The findings of tis study showed that midwifery students were better than nursing students in social health and environmental health, but in other quality of life dimensions, both students were almost similar (P>0.05). Moreover, the rate of musculoskeletal pain in nursing and midwifery students was almost the same. There was no significant difference between students` quality of life dimensions based on having or not having musculoskeletal pain (P>0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that Skeletal-muscular pains do not have a significant effect on students' quality of life due to their youth.
Background and Aim: Metaphor is a systematic relationship between two conceptual domains. In metaphor; an experimental or sensual domain called source domain, is related to another domain as target domain. The purpose of this study was to review understanding of metaphorical time pattern in the medical and paramedical students based on gender, age and academic status. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included 120 medical and paramedical students of Tehran medical university with minimum undergraduate university degree. Time metaphorical pattern questionnaire which had been designed by Raiisi (2019) on the basis of time metaphor corpus analysis included 3 subscales of object, place and matter. Pearson correlation test, T test, analysis of one-way variance and post hoc test (least significant difference) were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there was no difference between gender and understanding of metaphorical time pattern. Higher educational levels (from undergraduate to postgraduate and specialty courses) led to better understanding of metaphorical time pattern in Persian speaker students. Students of higher age showed improved understanding of metaphorical time pattern in relation to the object subclass. Conclusion: Perception of the time is not dependent on gender but can be improved with increasing age and higher academic levels.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experience of pain metaphors in cancer patients. Method and Materials:The method of this study was qualitative with hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The study population included all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-2022 who experienced pain from cancer and its treatment. According to the theoretical saturation rule, 20 cancer patients in stages 2 and 3 of the cancer were selected by purposive method and interviewed in-depth and semi-structured manner. The interview lasted from 40 to 90 minutes. The time and place of the interviews were determined by the participants. Questions with a general question as to what you analogized your experience with cancer and its treatments. After each interview and recording it, the content of the interview was written in fully. The extracted data were analyzed using the method of hermeneutic analysis of Diekelmann et al. (1989). Findings: According to interpretive hermeneutic analysis; lived experiences of pain in cancer patients are 4 main themes including; the metaphor of lived war, the metaphor of lived scheduled pain cage, the metaphor of living in dark future with pain and the metaphor of lived with overload pain. Conclusion: To conclude, metaphors have important role in pain expressions. Researchers suggest cognitive therapies to change metaphors of pain.
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