In recent years, deep learning has been applied to many medical imaging fields, including medical image processing, bioinformatics, medical image classification, segmentation, and prediction tasks. Computer-aided detection systems have been widely adopted in brain tumor classification, prediction, detection, diagnosis, and segmentation tasks. This work proposes a novel model that combines the Bayesian algorithm with depth-wise separable convolutions for accurate classification and predictions of brain tumors. We combine Bayesian modeling learning and Convolutional Neural Network learning methods for accurate prediction results to provide the radiologists the means to classify the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images rapidly. After thorough experimental analysis, our proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art models in terms of validation accuracy, training accuracy, F1-score, recall, and precision. Our model obtained high performances of 99.03% training accuracy and 94.32% validation accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall values of 0.94, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed work is the first neural network model that combines the hybrid effect of depth-wise separable convolutions with the Bayesian algorithm using encoders.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on many lives and the economies of many countries since late December 2019. Early detection with high accuracy is essential to help break the chain of transmission. Several radiological methodologies, such as CT scan and chest X-ray, have been employed in diagnosing and monitoring COVID-19 disease. Still, these methodologies are time-consuming and require trial and error. Machine learning techniques are currently being applied by several studies to deal with COVID-19. This study exploits the latent embeddings of variational autoencoders combined with ensemble techniques to propose three effective EVAE-Net models to detect COVID-19 disease. Two encoders are trained on chest X-ray images to generate two feature maps. The feature maps are concatenated and passed to either a combined or individual reparameterization phase to generate latent embeddings by sampling from a distribution. The latent embeddings are concatenated and passed to a classification head for classification. The COVID-19 Radiography Dataset from Kaggle is the source of chest X-ray images. The performances of the three models are evaluated. The proposed model shows satisfactory performance, with the best model achieving 99.19% and 98.66% accuracy on four classes and three classes, respectively.

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Today, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a prominent technique used in medicine, produces a significant and varied range of tissue contrasts in each imaging modalities, and is frequently employed by medical professionals to identify brain malignancies. With brain tumor being a very deadly disease, early detection will help increase the likelihood that the patient will receive the appropriate medical care leading to either a full elimination of the tumor or the prolongation of the patient’s life. However, manually examining the enormous volume of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and identifying a brain tumor or cancer is extremely time-consuming and requires the expertise of a trained medical expert or brain doctor to manually detect and diagnose brain cancer using multiple Magnetic Resonance images (MRI) with various modalities. Due to this underlying issue, there is a growing need for increased efforts to automate the detection and diagnosis process of brain tumor without human intervention. Another major concern most research articles do not consider is the low quality nature of MRI images which can be attributed to noise and artifacts. This article presents a Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) algorithm to precisely handle the problem of low quality MRI images by eliminating noisy elements and enhancing the visible trainable features of the image. The enhanced image is then fed to the proposed PCNN to learn the features and classify the tumor using sigmoid classifier. To properly train the model, a publicly available dataset is collected and utilized for this research. Additionally, different optimizers and different values of dropout and learning rates are used in the course of this study. The proposed PCNN with Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) algorithm achieved an accuracy of 98.7%, sensitivity of 99.7%, and specificity of 97.4%. In comparison with other state-of-the-art brain tumor methods and pre-trained deep transfer learning models, the proposed PCNN model obtained satisfactory performance.