Biodiesel is an alternative to fossil fuels and it's known by its low stability. Natural antioxidants attract researcher interest as safe replacement of the toxic synthetic ones to improve the oxidative stability. The aim of this work is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural extracts from wheat industry by products (wheat germ and defatted wheat germ) using low cost, safe and eco-friendly solvents. Loading the more active aqueous extract in liposome nanocapsules to overcome on its solubility problem in lipid then using it to enhance the stability of biodiesel is the novelty of this work. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH• ) and β-carotene-linoleic acid oxidation method (Coupled autoxidation). Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were also determined for the different extracts. The oxidation and storage stability of biodiesel treated with defatted wheat germ aqueous extract loaded in liposome, in comparison with control sample and biodiesel treated with synthetic antioxidant were evaluated using accelerated oven test.Water extracts of wheat germ and defatted wheat germ gave higher bioactive content and higher antioxidant activity than other solvents extracts. Moreover, biodiesel treated with liposome nanocapsules of aqueous extract gave higher stability than both control and samples treated with synthetic antioxidants. These results concluded that natural antioxidants from wheat industry by-products are a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants and attract attention to more research about using liposome nanocapsulation in improving biodiesel stability.

The non-esculent soap stock oil was employed for producing some rare chemicals, along with certain fractions of biofuels akin to those engendered from petroleum sources. This inexpensive feed stock was hydrotreated using NiMo/Al2O3 in the sulfided form as a catalyst. The applied process was accomplished in a continuous micro-reactor, under high pressure of hydrogen. The hydroprocessed oil was treated chemically for separating its liquid hydrocarbons from the fatty acid constituents. The fatty acids were esterified to be transformed to the corresponding methyl ester. The products were identified via the gas chromatographic technique. The results reflect that the acquired hydrocarbons are clean and free from oxygenated compounds, in addition to sulfur, which has an adverse impact on the environment and on the performance of engines, so it can be used as a highgrade biofuel and also as pure chemicals. Furthermore, the prepared fatty acids are characterized by their low molecular weight, with carbon numbers in the range of C5 to C22, including those with odd carbon numbers that regarded as very rare components in nature. Hence this work offers the ability for obtainment precious products from a cheap material.