No abstract

During the last two decades, the world has experienced three major outbreaks of Coronaviruses, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 caused the disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its discovery for the first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the disease has spread very fast, and cases have been reported in more than 200 countries/territories. In this study, the idea of Smarandache’s pathogenic set is used to discuss the novel COVID-19 spread. We first introduced plithogenic graphs and their subclass, like plithogenic fuzzy graphs. We also established certain binary operations like union, join, Cartesian product, and composition of pathogenic fuzzy graphs, which are helpful when we discuss combining two different graphs. In the end, we investigate the spreading trend of COVID-19 by applying the pathogenic fuzzy graphs. We observe that COVID-19 is much dangerous than (MERS-CoV) and (SARS-CoV). Moreover, as the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks were controlled, there are greater chances to overcome the current pandemic of COVID-19 too. Our model suggests that all the countries should stop all types of traveling/movement across the borders and internally too to control the spread of COVID-19. The proposed model also predicts that in case precautionary measures have not been taken then there is a chance of severe outbreak in future.

In this study, the neutrosophic cubic graphs are further developed. We discussed and explored the open and the closed neighborhood for any vertex in neutrosophic cubic graphs, regular and totally regular neutrosophic cubic graphs, complete neutrosophic cubic graphs, balanced and strictly balanced neutrosophic cubic graphs, irregular and totally irregular neutrosophic cubic graphs, complement of a neutrosophic cubic graph, neighborly irregular and neighborly totally irregular neutrosophic cubic graphs, and highly irregular neutrosophic cubic graphs. It has been demonstrated that the proposed neutrosophic cubic graphs are associated with specific conditions. The comparison study of the proposed graphs with the existing cubic graphs has been carried out. Eventually, decision-making approaches for handling daily life problems such as effects of different factors on the neighboring countries of Pakistan and selection of a house based on the notions of proposed graphs are presented.