The leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis harvested from three different locations of Turkey were extracted by both methanolic and supercritical CO(2) extraction. Subsequently, six extracts and the active compounds, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid were applied to various human cancer cell lines including NCI-H82 (human, small cell lung, carcinoma), DU-145 (human, prostate, carcinoma), Hep-3B (human, black, liver, carcinoma, hepatocellular), K-562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia), MCF-7 (human, breast, adenocarcinoma), PC-3 (human, prostate, adenocarcinoma) and MDA-MB-231 (human, breast, adenocarcinoma) by MTT assay. Supercritical CO(2) extracts had superior antiproliferative effect compared to the soxhlet extracts. Although the extracts exhibited various cytotoxic effects against different cell lines, comparatively low IC(50) values ranging between 12.50 and 47.55 microg/ml were attained against K-562, being the most sensitive cell line. Moreover, carnosic acid caused the lowest cell viability with values ranging from 13 to 30 % at a concentration of 19 muM after 48 h of treatments, resulting in superior antiproliferative effect. Rosemary extract is a potential candidate to be included in the anti-cancer diet with pre-determined doses avoiding toxicity.

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The ability of Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 to produce sophorolipids using Turkish corn oil and honey was investigated. Shake flask experiments were carried out both with and without the addition of glucose as the second carbon source. The organism could produce sophorolipids under both conditions but higher production was obtained when corn oil was combined with glucose. The 3 L bioreactor was first operated in batch mode, using both corn oil and glucose. When all the glucose was consumed, 1/4th of the broth was pumped out and was replaced by freshly prepared medium containing 10 % [w/v] of cheap market honey as the sole carbon source. Feed was comprised of corn oil. High concentrations of sophorolipids (> 400 g/L) were produced. The crude products obtained from the batch cultivation could be solidified as very light brown solids when unused oil was removed by hexane, while the products of the two‐stage cultivation remained as viscous, honey‐like liquids after identical treatments.

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