Objective. To compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and interferential current in primary dysmenorrhea.Design. A prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Setting. Hacettepe University School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation.Patients. Thirty-four volunteer subjects with primary dysmenorrhea (mean age: 21.35 ± 1.70 years) were included. Statistical analyses were performed in 32 subjects who completed all measures.Interventions. Fifteen subjects received interferential current application for 20 minutes and 17 subjects received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for 20 minutes when they were experiencing dysmenorrhea.Outcome Measures. Physical characteristics, years since menarche, length of menstrual cycle (days), and duration of menstruation (days) were recorded. Visual analog scale (VAS) intensities of menstrual pain, referred lower limb pain, and low back pain were recorded before treatment, and immediately, 8 hours, and 24 hours after treatment.Results. Intensities of the evaluated parameters decreased beginning from just after the applications in both groups ( P < 0.05). Intensity of referring low back pain in first three measurement times was different between the groups ( P < 0.05), but this difference is thought to be due to the baseline values of the groups. So, it can be said that no superiority existed between the methods ( P > 0.05).Conclusion. Both transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and interferential current appear to be effective in primary dysmenorrhea. As they are free from the potentially adverse effects of analgesics, and no adverse effects are reported in the literature nor observed in this study, a clinical trial of their effectiveness in comparison with untreated and placebo-treated control groups is warranted.

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BackgroundTo asses the effect of menopause on the corneal curvature changes using corneal computerized videokeratography (CVK) in premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women.MethodsThirty-six postmenopausal women with mean ages of 49.2 (range 39 to 57) were enrolled in this randomized, prospective study, comparing with 26 healthy controls with mean ages of 38.5 +/- 4.9 (range 32 to 49). Subjects were determined to be postmenopausal, by the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, based on blood Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Estradiol, Progesterone levels and clinical complaints. Complete ophthalmic examination and CVK using Haag-Streit System was performed in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.ResultsMean horizontal curvature and vertical curvature of central corneal power in premenopausal women were 43.5 +/- 1.25 Diopter (D), and 44.1 +/- 1.53 D. Mean horizontal curvature and vertical curvature of central corneal power in postmenopausal women were 43.9 +/- 1.4 D, and 44.6 +/- 1.3 D. The mean keratometric astigmatisms of premenopausal and postmenopausal women were 0.81 +/- 0.57 D (4–179 degrees), 0.74 degrees +/- 0.5 D (1–180 degrees) respectively. No significant corneal curvature changes were detected between premenopausal and postmenopausal groups (P > 0.05). On the other hand, we only found negative but significant correlation between horizontal corneal curvature and estrogen level of postmenopausal women (r = -0.346, p = 0.038).ConclusionMenopause is physiologic process and may also affect corneal topographic changes. In postmenopausal women, corneal steeping was observed minimally compared to premenopausal women. The results suggest that changes in estrogen level of women with menopause are associated with slightly alteration of horizontal curvature of cornea.

Rosiglitazone was found to affect the induction of endometriosis negatively in this experimental rat model and seemed to interfere with the growth and maintenance of the uterine explant.

EBVS was found to be less time-consuming and caused less bleeding when compared with HS.