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In this study we analyse results of Italian standardized tests in mathematics integrating quantitative analysis based on the Rasch Model and didactical interpretation. We use specific graphs to analyse the trend of each answer as function of the students' math ability. This approach led us to focus on specific items in which a wrong answer results particularly popular among medium/high level students and analyse this particular trend with the lenses of math education theories. The study reveals that these phenomena are particularly related to implicit and explicit rules governing classroom practices exist at all school levels and regard different mathematical content and skills.

The COVID-19 crisis has strongly affected the school system. In Italy, at-distance forms of didactics have been activated, changing the physiognomy of schools in terms of social interaction, practices and the identity of the individuals. In this paper, we address the issue of how teachers are facing the crisis: our focus is on assessment, as a key variable catalyzing personal history; beliefs; the interface between students; teachers and the school system. We study teachers’ beliefs as part of their identities and assessment as a fundamental variable of beliefs. A qualitative content analysis of the open-ended answers to an online questionnaire is carried out to understand the main characteristics associated with assessment by teachers and the obstacles to overcome in the context of long distance learning (LDL). The data show that teachers did not identify valid assessment methods for LDL during the lockdown, especially due to the lack of control over the students. A misconception emerges concerning the definition of formative assessment together with a new awareness of the possibilities offered by digital technologies regarding the individualization of didactics. This study helps to understand which teachers’ beliefs are related to assessment are and how they are shaped.

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The actions of designation, description, denotation, denomination and definition are crucial in the didactic activity in the classroom (D'Amore and Fandiño Pinilla, 2012) since they embody different interplays between objects, representations, properties, names (in the sense of Duval (2008)). Switching from one action to the other may be the result of a conceptual change (diSessa, 2006). We present the result of a teaching experiment in classes of grades from 2 to 4 where the relation object/name is investigated in the case of the circle. The experiment makes use of a particular artefact, the Lénárt Spheres (Lénárt, 1996). Comparative geometry activities allow to deal with geometrical objects in a learning environment where the relations between objects, representations and properties are different from the usual ones, hence implying a restructuration of the interplays between them. As a result of the teaching experiment, as can be seen, in particular, from the comparison of initial and conclusive questionnaires, children started a change of their way of associating a name to an object. We argue that this is due also to a conceptual change and not only to "learning what was taught".