Tissue-based biopsy is the present main tool to explore the molecular landscape of cancer, but it also has many limits to be frequently executed, being too invasive with the risk of side effects. These limits and the ability of cancer to constantly evolve its genomic profile, have recently led to the need of a less invasive and more accurate alternative, such as liquid biopsy. By searching Circulating Tumor Cells and residues of their nucleic acids or other tumor products in body fluids, especially in blood, but also in urine, stools and saliva, liquid biopsy is becoming the future of clinical oncology. Despite the current lack of a standardization for its workflows, that makes it hard to be reproduced, liquid biopsy has already obtained promising results for cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and risk of recurrence.Through a more accessible molecular profiling of tumors, it could become easier to identify biomarkers predictive of response to treatment, such as EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer and KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer, or Microsatellite Instability and Mismatch Repair as predictive markers of pembrolizumab response.By monitoring circulating tumor DNA in longitudinal repeated sampling of blood we could also predict Minimal Residual Disease and the risk of recurrence in already radically resected patients.In this review we will discuss about the current knowledge of limitations and strengths of the different forms of liquid biopsies for its inclusion in normal cancer management, with a brief nod to their newest biomarkers and its future implications.
ForMA DE cItArDe Fazio Fl. relaciones entre el estado y los sindicatos y sus consecuencias en torno al régimen de obras sociales en Argentina: un análisis histórico-político. Salud colectiva. 2013;9(3):301-315. recibido: 10 de junio de 2013 Aprobado: 9 de septiembre de 2013 este obra está bajo una licencia de creative commons reconocimiento-Nocomercial 4.0 internacional. reconocimiento -Permite copiar, distribuir y comunicar públicamente la obra. A cambio, se debe reconocer y citar al autor original. No comercial -esta obra no puede ser utilizada con fi nalidades comerciales, a menos que se obtenga el permiso.
El artículo reconstruye la concepción que la teoría de Carlos S. Nino, y sus continuaciones, tiene sobre los derechos sociales fundamentales, a través de la distinción analítica entre el nivel de la fundamentación y el nivel de la determinación del alcance de los mismos. A dicha concepción se le trazarán tres críticas: a) un desacople conceptual entre el nivel de fundamentación y el nivel de determinación del alcance de los derechos sociales; b) una ausencia de una diferenciación conceptual adecuada que justifique un trato procesal y metodológico particular para los derechos sociales fundamentales, y c) una disolución injustificada de la tensión inmanente a los sistemas jurídicos de los Estados constitucionales dada entre los principios formales y los principios materiales ligados al Estado social. Concluiremos que para superar este déficit, la teoría de Nino debe ser complementada con una línea de investigación metodológica que reconstruya los recorridos argumentativos que dan lugar a la aplicación de tales derechos.
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