Avoiding suction-related lung volume loss can be helpful in patients with an increased tendency to alveolar collapse; CS allows suctioning while avoiding dramatic drops in lung volumes and seems to be safe during the VC ventilation setting that we used.

VRMs can improve oxygenation and alveolar recruitment during CPPV at relatively low PEEP, but are relatively less effective than a continuous high PEEP level.

Increased IAP causes a significant rise in ICP in head trauma patients. This effect seems to be the result of an increase in intrathoracic pressure, which causes a functional obstruction to cerebral venous outflow. Routine assessment of IAP may help clinicians to identify remediable causes of increased ICP. Caution should be used when applying laparoscopic techniques in neurotrauma patients.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, carrying functionally active biological molecules. In addition to their physiological role in cellular communication, the interest of the scientific community has recently turned to the use of EVs as vehicles for delivering therapeutic molecules. Several attempts are being made to ameliorate drug encapsulation and targeting, but these efforts are thwarted if the starting material does not meet stringent quality criteria. Here, we take a step back to the sources and isolation procedures that could guarantee significant improvements in the purification of EVs to be used as drug carriers, highlighting the advantages and shortcomings of each approach.

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