The human hart is in most cases vascularized by two coronary arteries, the right and the left one. Supernumerary or added coronary arteries are also present sometimes. The aim of this paper is to ascertain presence of supernumerary coronary arteries that arise directly from aorta, their frequency, flow, way of branching, and possibly their anastomoses with other coronary arteries. Out of 25 hearts, examined by dissection, 8 of them (32%) had conal artery. According to our opinion, the most suitable term for this artery, in order to differ it clearly from the conal branch of the right coronary artery, is third coronary artery. One heart (4%) had four coronary arteries. Both supernumerary coronary arteries arose from the right aortic sinus. The third coronary artery represents a significant way of collateral coronary circulation, as it frequently anastomoses with anterior interventricular branch.

No abstract

Proficiency in the anatomy of coronary arteries and their variations is significant for proper interpretation of the coronary angiographies, assessment of the complexity and result of the coronary insufficiency as well as surgical myocardium revascularization. The objective of this study is anatomy-radiology research of the methods of branching the main trunk of left coronary artery and to prove importance of the diagonal branch (ramus diagonalis) existence in the conditions of coronary insufficiency. In this study we have analyzed 100 coronary angiographies done at the Clinic for Heart Diseases and Rheumatism of the Clinic Center of University of Sarajevo and dissected 20 human hearts from the Institute of Anatomy. In our study we have come upon two methods of branching of main trunk of left coronary artery (bifurcation and trifurcation). By the method of the angiography we have found the bifurcation in 71% of cases while 65% of cases were proved by the dissection method. Trifurcation has been discovered in 29% of cases of analyzed angiographies i.e. 35% of cases of dissected hearts. We believe that third terminal branch of the left coronary artery should be marked as ramus diagonalis. This branch, including its anastomoses, presents important pattern of the collateral blood flow, which has special meaning, under conditions of coronary insufficiency.

We investigated by means of coronarography and dissection the arterial vascularization of the human heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification in 200 human hearts taken at random from males and females between 20 and 85 years of age. Examination of the selective coronarography findings was subsequently performed by means of careful dissection of the injected arteries and their branches in order to compare the results obtained with coronarographic findings in living human beings.

We studied the morphology and histology of intramural vessels in the sino-atrial [S-A] segment of the cardiac conducting system because of the clinical relevance of the anatomy of the microvascular system for those performing cardiac surgery or coronary angiography, catheterization or arterialization. In 25 human and 25 canine hearts the vasculature was fixed by the Komahidze method, the anatomy was studied and sections were stained and studied by microscopy. Of clinical importance is a finding of considerable variation in the exact anatomy of the arterial supply. The sinonodal artery is a large artery originating from the right or left coronary arteries. In some cases the coronary arterial course could not be demonstrable by coronary angiography thus increasing the risk of coronary artery surgery at the site. Cross connections also permit the extra-cardiac circulation to supply the nodal tissue. The S-A node has a rich intramural network of anastomosing blood vessels which is of surgical importance in the case of damage and surgical procedures. The density of the capillary network in the node is greater than that in adjacent atrial tissue. The distribution and density of the smallest anastomotic blood vessels were different in various parts of the node, the capillary net was most dense in sections from dorsal parts of the S-A node. No marked differences were found when human and canine systems were compared. Canine preparations could be used for analysis of the S-A node vascularization because of their similarity to the human heart. These findings are clinically relevant to the S-A node dysfunction that may follow cardiac surgical procedures. Surgeons should be aware that there is considerable variation in the exact anatomy of the arterial supply of the S-A node which might be important for cardiological examination and treatment (cardiac surgery, coronary angiography, etc.).