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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) a kind of microvascular complication, is a primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. 1,2 Characteristic pathological features of DKD include glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening, mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, owing to high expression of extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen, fibronectin, and so on. 3,4 Type 1 diabetes millitus (T1D) and type 2 diabetes millitus (T2D) are the most common cause of DKD. The incidence of DKD complicated by T1D and T2D is about 50%

Central precocious puberty (CPP), largely caused by germline mutations in the MKRN3 gene, has been epidemiologically linked to cancers. MKRN3 is frequently mutated in non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with five cohorts. Genomic MKRN3 aberrations are significantly enriched in NSCLC samples harboring oncogenic KRAS mutations. Low MKRN3 expression levels correlate with poor patient survival. Reconstitution of MKRN3 in MKRN3-inactivated NSCLC cells directly abrogates in vitro and in vivo tumor growth and proliferation. MKRN3 knockout mice are susceptible to urethane-induced lung cancer, and lung cell–specific knockout of endogenous MKRN3 accelerates NSCLC tumorigenesis in vivo. A mass spectrometry–based proteomics screen identified PABPC1 as a major substrate for MKRN3. The tumor suppressor function of MKRN3 is dependent on its E3 ligase activity, and MKRN3 missense mutations identified in patients substantially compromise MKRN3-mediated PABPC1 ubiquitination. Furthermore, MKRN3 modulates cell proliferation through PABPC1 nonproteolytic ubiquitination and subsequently, PABPC1-mediated global protein synthesis. Our integrated approaches demonstrate that the CPP-associated gene MKRN3 is a tumor suppressor.