We investigate the removal of heavy metal ions from synthetic contaminated water on a laboratory scale using a carboxylated-graphene oxide (GO)-incorporated polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) nanofiltration membrane (the so called PPSU/carboxylated-GO nanocomposite membrane).
Metal–organic
framework (MOF) materials have received extensive
attention for the design of advanced thin-film nanocomposite (TFN)
membranes with excellent permselectivity. However, the relationship
between the unique physicochemical properties and performance of engineered
MOF-based membranes has yet to be extensively investigated. In this
work, we investigate the incorporation of porous zinc-based MOFs (Zn-MOFs)
into a polyamide active layer for the fabrication of TFN membranes
on porous poly(phenylsulfone) (PPSU) support layers through an interfacial
polymerization approach. The actual effects of varying the amount
of Zn-MOF added as a nanofiller on the physicochemical properties
and desalination performance of TFN membranes are studied. The presence
and layout of Zn-MOFs on the top layer of the membranes were confirmed
by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy,
and ζ potential analysis. The characterization results revealed
that Zn-MOFs strongly bind with polyamide and significantly change
the membrane chemistry and morphology. The results indicate that all
four studied TFN membranes with incorporated Zn-MOFs enhanced the
water permeability while retaining high salt rejection compared to
a thin-film composite membrane. Moreover, the highest-performing membrane
(50 mg/L Zn-MOF added nanofiller) not only exhibited a water permeability
of 2.46 ± 0.12 LMH/bar but also maintained selectivity to reject
NaCl (>90%) and Na2SO4 (>95%), similar
to benchmark
values. Furthermore, the membranes showed outstanding water stability
throughout 72 h filtration and chlorine resistance after a 264 h chlorine-soaking
test because of the better compatibility between the polyamide and
Zn-MOF nanofiller. Therefore, the developed TFN membrane has potential
to solve trade-off difficulties between permeability and selectivity.
Our findings indicate that porous Zn-MOFs play a significant role
in the development of a TFN membrane with high desalination performance
and chlorine resistance.
Coal fly ash is found to be one of the key pollutants worldwide due to its toxic heavy metal content. However, due to advancements in technology, coal fly ash has gained importance in various emerging fields. They are rich sources of carbonaceous particles which remain unburnt during burning of various coals in thermal power plants (TPPs). Various carbonaceous nanoparticles in the form of fullerenes, soot, and carbon nanotubes could be recovered from coal fly ash by applying trending techniques. Moreover, coal fly ash is comprised of rich sources of organic carbons such as polycyclic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons that are used in various industries for the development of carbon-derived value-added materials and nanocomposites. Here, we focus on all the types of carbon nanominerals from coal fly ash with the latest techniques applied. Moreover, we also emphasize the recovery of organic carbons in polyaromatic (PAHs) and polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCHs) from coal fly ash (CFA). Finally, we try to elucidate the latest applications of such carbon particle in the industry.
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