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The proper design of hydraulic structures depends on estimates of maximum stream flows. The scarce stream flow monitoring in Brazil has led to the use of regionalization methods. The main objective of this study was to develop a tool via regional function to estimate maximum stream flows and their corresponding return periods (RP) with the aid of techniques based on the L-moments method, seeking for adequate hydrologic engineering applications and flood risk management. Annual maximum stream flow historical series were adjusted to traditional 2-parameter probability density functions (PDFs) (Normal, 2-parameter Log-Normal, Gumbel, Gamma) and multiparameter PDFs (GEV and Kappa), based on the L-moments method, which were used in the development of the regional function employing the dimensionless curve method. The regional function's predictive capability was determined by cross-validation for different RPs. It can be concluded that the approach based on L-moments was successfully used to adjust the regional function. In addition, the regional function: i) was improved when using the aforementioned multiparameter PDFs and ii) was framed as optimum for RP of up to 100 years and considered useful for practical engineering projects and flood risk management.Keywords: Flood risk management; Statistical hydrology; GEV; Kappa; Mirim-São Gonçalo transboundary basin. RESUMOO dimensionamento adequado de estruturas hidráulicas é dependente das estimativas de vazões máximas. A escassez no monitoramento hidrológico no Brasil tem levado ao uso de métodos de regionalização. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver uma ferramenta via função regional para a estimativa das vazões máximas e seus respectivos tempos de retorno, com o suporte de técnicas baseadas no método dos momentos-L, com vistas a aplicações adequadas da engenharia hidrológica e da gestão de risco de cheias. As séries de vazão máxima diária anual foram ajustadas às funções densidade de probabilidade tradicionais de 2 parâmetros (Normal, 2-parameter Log-Normal, Gumbel, Gamma) e multiparâmetros (GEV and Kappa), baseando-se no método dos momentos-L, as quais foram utilizadas no desenvolvimento da função regional pelo método da curva adimensional. A capacidade preditiva da função regional foi determinada por validação cruzada para diferentes tempos de retorno. Pode-se concluir que a abordagem baseada nos momentos-L no ajuste da função regional foi satisfatória. Além disso,a função regional: i) foi aperfeiçoada quando as distribuições multiparâmetros acima mencionadas foram usadas e ii) foi classificada como ótima para tempos de retorno de até 100 anos sendo útil a projetos práticos de engenharia e na gestão de cheias.

The devastating effects of floods, combined with scarce data sets, have stimulated the development of hydrological regionalisation techniques. The present study proposed an evaluation of the L-moments based index-flood procedure, coupled with watershed grouping based on geographical convenience for regionalisation of maximum streamflows. A pioneer analysis for South America, addressing the geographical classification method adopted by National Water Agency of Brazil (ANA), was conducted considering over 100 watersheds in southern Brazil. Nonstationary and discordant maximum annual streamflow (MAS) series were removed with the aid of the Mann-Kendall test and discordancy measure, whereas the heterogeneity measure was used to check regional homogeneity. The best regional distribution was identified by the Z DIST goodness-of-fit measure. Finally, multiple nonlinear regressions, considering morphological and meteorological watershed characteristics, were performed to obtain better index-flood estimates. It was concluded that: (a) the proposed methodological strategy provided satisfactory estimation of design floods; (b) area, mean slope, stream gradient, and flow length, were the most satisfactory explanatory variables; (c) the fitted equations stand out as a state-of-art alternative for the scarce hydrological monitoring in southern Brazil; and (d) the hydrological boundaries defined by ANA might not be the most adequate approach from a regional point of view.

Soil erosion is currently one of the main concerns in agriculture, water resources, soil management and natural hazards studies, mainly due to its economic, environmental and human impacts. This concern is accentuated in developing countries where the hydrological monitoring and proper soil surveys are scarce. Therefore, the use of indirect estimates of soil loss by means of empirical equations stands out. In this context, the present study proposed the assessment of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with the aid of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing for two agricultural watersheds in southern Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Among all RUSLE factors, LS showed the closest patterns to the local when compared to the total annual soil loss, thus being a good indicator t of risk areas. The total annual soil loss varied from 0 to more than 100 t ha-1 yr-1, with the vast majority (about 65% of the total area) classified from slight to moderate rates of soil loss. The results estimated according to RUSLE indicated that over 10% of the study area presented very high to extremely high soil loss rates, thus requiring immediate soil conservation practices. The present study stands out as an important scientific and technical support for practitioners and decision-makers, being probably the first of its nature applied to extreme southern Brazil.

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