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A new conservation strategy incorporates functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity for improved cost-effective outcomes.

Climate refuges have been used by several species over historical climate change. Ectothermic species 22often display good models for climate change studies because they are highly sensitive to temperature. Analysis 23 of species loss with ecosystem and evolutionary values helps to understand environmental processes and climate 24 consequences. Here, we associate the functional and phylogenetic diversity of amphibians in the Atlantic Forest 25 hotspot, using multiple models for the present and future conditions. Through a novel approach, we predict 26 species' threat status by 2080, following the IUCN's criterion B1. Our results estimate a drastic reduction in 27 species richness, ecosystem functioning and evolutionary history at low latitudes and altitudes. We show that 28 species will tend to disperse to the areas with milder temperatures (i.e., high latitudes/altitudes). Some of these 29 areas are the same climate refuges that have been suggested for the Late Pleistocene. We highlight that 60% of 30 2 amphibians can become threatened under future conditions. This work advances the knowledge on climate 31 refuges for amphibian ecology and evolution, supporting complementary tools for conservation strategies. 32 33 34 35 Acknowledgements 36We thank Thiago F. Rangel for providing access computational to the platform Bioensembles. We are grateful to 37 the Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre (AEET) for the research award granted to conduct this research. 38We thank the Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) for making the use of lab computers available. We

A field study of Saguinus nigricollis graellsi in the Cuyabeno Faunal Production Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazonia, established the characteristics of the home range and some reproductive aspects of the species. Field data were collected in two climatic seasons: dry, from December 1989 through March 1990, and rainy, from May through August 1990. Eight groups visited and/or lived in the study area during the dry season and ten during the rainy season. Group sizes ranged from two to nine individuals. Population density was estimated at 22-33 individuals per square km. The central group, which was followed intensively, had a home range which included both flooded and non-flooded forests. Terra firme forest was most used by the species. The home range of this group was reduced from 56.2 hectares (ha) in the dry season to 41.7 ha in the rainy season, probably as a result of a differential distribution of food plants between seasons. The presence of dense undergrowth where monkeys could hide to avoid predation and/or a high concentration of food plants seem related to the preferential use of certain areas in the home range. The home ranges of neighboring groups overlapped considerably and peaceful temporary large groups were frequently observed. A generalized birth peak occurred in January 1990, dry season. In June 1990, rainy season, 40% of the groups exhibited a second birth peak. This reproductive bimodality of S. nigricollis graellsi indicates a high productivity of the forests a t the Cuyabeno site. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.