In many countries, water quality monitoring is limited due to the high cost of logistics and professional equipment such as multiparametric probes. However, low-cost sensors integrated with the Internet of Things can enable real-time environmental monitoring networks, providing valuable water quality information to the public. To facilitate the widespread adoption of these sensors, it is crucial to identify which sensors can accurately measure key water quality parameters, their manufacturers, and their reliability in different environments. Although there is an increasing body of work utilizing low-cost water quality sensors, many questions remain unanswered. To address this issue, a systematic literature review was conducted to determine which low-cost sensors are being used for remote water quality monitoring. The results show that there are three primary vendors for the sensors used in the selected papers. Most sensors range in price from US$6.9 to US$169.00 but can cost up to US$500.00. While many papers suggest that low-cost sensors are suitable for water quality monitoring, few compare low-cost sensors to reference devices. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine the reliability and accuracy of low-cost sensors compared to professional devices.

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Low-cost sensors have the potential to significantly reduce costs compared to reference devices. The problem, however, is that measurements from low-cost sensors can be unreliable when it comes to certifying water quality. This work investigates the possibility of using low-cost sensors to monitor water quality parameters and automate the monitoring process through the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The sensors evaluated are turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and hydrogen potential. The evaluation of the sensors was performed both in a controlled environment with standard solutions and in a real environment. The results show that the sensors provide readings that are close to reference values when tested in a controlled environment, but some challenges remain when tested in the real world.

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