There are gaps in teacher preparation in Nigeria, such as limited contents of teaching subjects as well as deficiencies in pedagogy and length of practice, which affect the quality of instruction in Nigerian schools. There is, therefore, need for the supervisor, who should be knowledgeable, committed and tactful enough to sense teachers' failings, suggest appropriate solutions and evaluate the progress of corrective programmes, in order to achieve improved school instruction. This paper presents models to analyze the capabilities of individual teachers, schools and educational systems for supervising teachers for improved instruction in school.

Climate change remains one of the world’s greatest challenge in the 21st century. It causes inevitable changes that alter human activities. Adaptation to climate change creates and at the same time limits opportunities that support human existence. While United States of America, Europe, China, India and other countries are maximizing the opportunities climate change adaptation offers especially in areas of green technology, energy and agriculture, that of Africa who are more vulnerable to climate change are complacent and at most show less commitment. As the negative impacts of climate change increases and livelihoods erode, and as jobs continue to disappear leading to conflicts and upheavals in Africa, governments across the continent need policy options that will enable them to mitigate and adapt to climate change while at the same time address the problem of unemployment and create new patterns of livelihood. This paper, therefore, explores options that support these objectives. It offered policy suggestions in green energy and agriculture where Africa have a comparative advantage over other nations, and which also has the capacity of employing 90 per cent of the continent's workforce. It makes suggestions on how Lake Chad and other water sources affected by climate change in Africa can be revived to support agricultural activities and hydropower industry as well as create green jobs. It advocated for investment in biofuel, wind and solar energies to create green jobs. The paper submits that if green jobs are created and agricultural activities supported conflicts associated with unemployment and migration will be reduced drastically.

This assessed available information on the effect of ethno-communal crisis on food security and business activities in Nigeria. Literature was reviewed according to the variables raised in the study. The study adopted Eco-violence theory for the study. The survey design was used in the study. Four hundred (400) participants from Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data was gathered from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that ethno-communal crisis has a significant impact on food security and business activities. It was recommended that the government, in collaboration with traditional rulers, should set up well-defined boundaries between communities.

Bailing Out Collapsing Social Infrastructure in Developing Countries Through Sports: How Football is Contributing to Healthcare Improvement in Urban Nigeria Although the role of sports in shaping/changing urban and regional landscapes through megalomaniac building of stadia, golf courses, among other spectacular artifacts have recently attracted tremendous academic research interests, sports' role in improving collapsing health-care infrastructure in developing countries is poorly documented. Here, we show the potentials of football in multi-stakeholder mobilization for financing/improving/ in urban health-care Nigeria using contributions towards heart diseases treatment by Kanu Heart Foundation and campaigns by Nigeria's international footballers. Geo-demographic analysis of secondary data is applied to highlight inadequacy of healthcare in urban Cross River State, like of urban (like rural) Nigeria. How various diplomacy concepts could be employed by urban managements to mobilize sports-heroes, stakeholders (professionals: players, managers, clubs; civil society, etc) for fund-raising towards improving healthcare in Nigeria is described. The policy implication of this paper includes employing multi-dimensional diplomacy for managing multi-stakeholder urban sports and health development programmes as a means of surmounting the problem of inadequate funding for urban health development in Cross River State, Nigeria. Although this article focuses on Nigeria, its description of health-care deficits and findings speak for much of sub-Saharan Africa and developing countries.

The study investigates the socio-economic importance of the Calabar Carnival on the economic development of Cross River State, Nigeria. To establish the relationship between the festival and the development of Cross Rivers State, hypotheses were formulated based on the identified major independent variables namely: employment creation, income generation, and infrastructural development while the dependent variable is the Calabar Carnival Festival. Literatures related to the major variables of the study were reviewed. To generate data for hypotheses testing, questionnaire was used; survey research design was adopted for study while utilizing the convenience sampling technique to select the respondents (300) for study. The generated data were statistically tested at a 0.05 level of significance using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient analysis. The analysis showed that the Calabar carnival has significant relationship with job creation, income generation, and infrastructural development in Cross River State. Based on the result of the findings, the study recommended the need for tourism industry be fortified with security and as well be privatized. Also, the study recommends that youth development should be a cardinal point in the carnival as a promotional strategy in other to accelerate the state's socio-economic development.