Cationisation of cellulose fibres has been studied extensively as an alternative to permit salt free reactive dyeing, however chemical balances of the cationisation reaction often are not taken into account. The chemical consumption of cationisation processes described in the literature is substantial and often over-compensates savings in salt in a conventional reactive dyeing. Besides very high consumption of chemicals the high level of cationisation generates problems of uneven dyeings and shade variations. In a new approach low concentrations of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) were applied in a pad batch cationisation process for cotton fabric to achieve a low level cationisation. The cationic group content of the processed fibres ranged from 5 to 79 mmol kg−1. Exhaust dyeing experiments with Reactive Blue 19 demonstrated that a salt free reactive dyeing is possible with low cationic group content 14 mmol kg−1. The optimised low-level cationisation reduces the overall chemical consumption of the reactive dyeing, and thus represents a cleaner alternative to present reactive dyeing operations which are based on addition of high amounts of salt.

In this paper, we present the crystal structure of the novel compound Sm3SiO5F3. Single crystals were obtained using a high-pressure/high-temperature approach. Sm3SiO5F3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ‾ $\bar{1}$ (aP24) with a = 6.1894(2), b = 7.1315(2), c = 7.3997(3) Å, α = 103.66(1), β = 98.06(1), γ = 90.16(1)°, V = 314.03(2) Å3, Z = 2 at T = 300 K and, to the best of our knowledge, presents a new structure type. BLBS and CHARDI calculations were used to assign oxidation states to the atoms, thus allowing us to differentiate between fluorine and oxygen atoms within the crystal structure. MAPLE calculations were carried out to support the structure solution. Electron microprobe measurements corroborate the ratio of Sm to Si and unequivocally prove the presence of Si within the compound. Despite various attempts, bulk synthesis of the compound could not be realized.

The focus of this work was to investigate the cellulose acetate (CA)–viscose (CV) interface in an all‐cellulosic compound and to evaluate the feasibility of hydrophobic CA‐coatings on viscose fibers. Mechanical strengths of cellulose foil‐CA compounds were investigated by recoding stress‐to‐strain curves. For equivalent strain, composites generate higher stress than pure CA samples. For the CA coating on CV fibers, fibers were pretreated in 2.5% by mass sodium hydroxide solution and drawn through a solution of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by mass in acetone dissolved CA. Properties of coated fibers were investigated with LSM microscopy, ATR‐FTIR, DVS, and by determining the fiber titer and tenacity. A decrease in fiber tenacity and vapor sorption is associated with a change of the fiber titer due to the increasing shares of CA. Therefore, the hypothesis of a hydrophobically coated CV fiber, via the described process, is mostly rejected, although double‐coatings with CA seem to reduce condensation of water in internal fiber structures at high humidity.

Felix Netzer knüpft an die Vielzahl neuer Rechtsakte auf dem Gebiet des Europäischen Zivilprozessrechts an, die seit dem Amsterdamer Vertrag erlassen wurden, um die grenzüberschreitende Rechtsverfolgung zu verbessern. Die neuen Verordnungen erleichtern Auslandszustellungen, scha en europaweit vollstreckbare Titel und regeln autonom europäische Erkenntnisverfahren, die nationales Recht ergänzen. Der Autor vergleicht die unterschiedlichen Verfahrensabläufe der Verordnungen und zeigt Schwächen in der horizontalen Abstimmung und Rechtsanwendung auf. Er stellt einen Reformvorschlag für den Erlass einer Europäischen Prozessrechtsverordnung -einer EuZPO -zur Diskussion, der den aktuellen Besitzstand des Europäischen Zivilverfahrensrechts systematisiert und notwendige Ergänzungen vornimmt, um die Rechtsanwendung zu erleichtern.