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Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were prepared from thoracic aortas of male Sprague-Dawley rats by the explant method to observe VSMC proliferation via phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling transduction pathway induced by apelin-13. Expression of PI3K, phospho-PI3K, phospho-Akt, ERK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2 and cyclin D1 was detected by western blot analysis. Results showed that apelin-13 promoted the expression of phospho-PI3K and phospho-Akt in dose- and timedependent manner. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 significantly decreased the expression of phospho-PI3K, phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK1/2, and cyclin D1 induced by apelin-13. The Akt inhibitor 1701-1 significantly diminished the expression of phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK1/2, and cyclin D1 stimulated by apelin-13. MTT assay results showed that PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and Akt inhibitor 1701-1 significantly inhibited the VSMC proliferation induced by apelin-13. Apelin-13 promoted VSMC proliferation through PI3K/Akt signaling transduction pathway.

Compassion fatigue has emerged as a detrimental consequence of experiencing work-related stress among psychiatric nurses, and affected the job performance, emotional and physical health of psychiatric nurses. However, researches on Chinese psychiatric nurses’ compassion fatigue are dearth. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors of compassion fatigue among Chinese psychiatric nurses. All participants completed the demographic questionnaire and the Chinese version of Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL-CN). One-way ANOVA, t -tests, Levene test and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to evaluate factors associated with compassion fatigue. A total of 352 psychiatric nurses in 9 psychiatric hospitals from the Chengdu, Wuhan, and Hefei were surveyed. The mean scores of compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress were 32.59 ± 7.124, 26.92 ± 6.003 and 25.97 ± 5.365, respectively. Four variables of job satisfaction, exercise, had children, and age range from 36 to 50 years explained 30.7% of the variance in compassion satisfaction. Job satisfaction, sleeping quality, and marital status accounted for 40.4% variables in burnout. Furthermore, job satisfaction, average sleeping quality, and years of nursing experience remained significantly associated with secondary trauma stress, explaining 10.9% of the variance. Compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress among Chinese psychiatric nurses were at the level of moderate. The higher job satisfaction, healthy lifestyle (high sleep quality and regular exercise), and family support (children, stable and harmonious marital status) positively influenced compassion satisfaction and negatively associated with burnout or secondary traumatic stress.

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