Diabetes may result in some complications and increase the risk of many serious health problems. The purpose of clinical treatment is to carefully manage the blood glucose concentration. If the blood glucose concentration is predicted, treatments can be taken in advance to reduce the harm to patients. For this purpose, an improved grey GM (1, 1) model is applied to predict blood glucose with a small amount of data, and especially in terms of improved smoothness it can get higher prediction accuracy. The original data of blood glucose of type 2 diabetes is acquired by CGMS. Then the prediction model is established. Finally, 50 cases of blood glucose from the Henan Province People's Hospital are predicted in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes, respectively, in advance to verify the prediction model. The prediction result of blood glucose is evaluated by the EGA, MSE, and MAE. Particularly, the prediction results of postprandial blood glucose are presented and analyzed. The result shows that the improved grey GM (1, 1) model has excellent performance in postprandial blood glucose prediction.

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a disease associated with numerous health problems. Growing evidence indicates that hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia is closely linked to chronic inflammation, which can lead to cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Nostoc sphaeroids Kütz (NO) on diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Design: At first, experimental animals received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, and then received a HFD supplemented with 2.5% or 7.5% NO for 6 weeks. In the current study, results show that treatment with NO decreases weight gain and liver index induced by HFD. In addition, the serum levels of TC, TG and LDL are significantly decreased in NO treatment groups. Results: From the results of Oil Red staining and Hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), treatment with NO significantly reduces liver lipid accumulation and protect liver structure. Further analysis reveals that NO has positive effects on liver lipid metabolism and inflammation, as showed by the lower protein expressions of FAS and SREBP-1, the lower concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and the lower gene expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NF-kB. Conclusions: Our results indicate that NO may significantly ameliorate diet-induced hyperlipidemia, which is possibly associated with improving liver lipid metabolism and reducing chronic inflammation.

Hyperlipidemia is associated with chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Nostoc sphaeroids Kütz (NO) on diet‐induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Experimental animals received a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, then an HFD supplemented with 2.5% or 7.5% NO for 6 weeks. HFD‐fed mice exhibited a significant increase in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low‐density lipid cholesterol, and a decrease in high‐density lipid cholesterol. NO supplementation was associated with significantly lower dyslipidemia, decreased intestinal inflammation, and inhibition of toll‐like receptor 4 gene repression in HFD‐fed mice. Results suggest that NO treatment protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier. NO treatment was also associated with significant changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by HFD and an increase in the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio. Furthermore, NO treatment was also inversely correlated with mice obesity and hyperlipidemia NO and was associated with no significant in fecal short‐chain fatty acids. In conclusion, NO significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia induced by a HFD in mice, potentially via a decrease intestinal inflammation, increase in intestinal barrier integrity, and amelioration in the gut microbiota.

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr, known as Suo Yang, is most commonly used to treat fatigue, protect the liver, and invigorate kidneys in Northwest China. Given the wide medicinal utilisation and lack of safety evaluation, this work evaluated the acute toxicity, genetic toxicity, and 90-day repeated oral toxicity of Suo Yang. Twenty Kunming mice were orally given Suo Yang once and observed for 14 days in the acute toxicity test. The genetic toxicity of Suo Yang was tested using in vivo and vitro assays (bacterial reverse mutation test, mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, and spermatocyte chromosomal aberration assay). In the 90-day repeated oral toxicity study, 80 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and then orally given Suo Yang at different concentrations (1.04, 2.08 or 4.16 g/kg), while the control group was given sterile water. In the acute toxicity test, no abnormal behaviour or mortality was found in mice. The results suggest that the maximum tolerable dose of Suo Yang is greater than 15 g/kg. In the genotoxicity studies, no revertant colonies were produced in vitro. In the in vivo assays, no increased frequencies of micronuclei or structural abnormalities of spermatocyte chromosomes were found. In the 90-day repeated oral toxicity study, no significant toxicological manifestations were observed in haematological parameters or clinical and pathological examinations. In summary, these results suggest that Suo Yang at the given doses does not cause adverse effects in animals. Thus, Suo Yang can reasonably be considered a safe herbal medicine.