Film-like conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are fabricated by the novel strategy of carbazole-based electropolymerization. The CMP film storing a mass of counterions acting as an anode interlayer provides a significant power-conversion efficiency of 7.56% in polymer solar cells and 20.7 cd A(-1) in polymer light-emitting diodes, demonstrating its universality and potential as an electrode interlayer in organic electronics.

Enhancement of efficiency of a conducting polymer P3HT:CdSe/ZnS quantum dots hybrid solar cell by adding single walled carbon nanotube for transporting photogenerated electrons J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 033107 (2013); 10.1063/1.4807475 Anode modification of inverted polymer solar cells using graphene oxide Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 203306 (2010); 10.1063/1.3507388 Large-area organic solar cells with metal subelectrode on indium tin oxide anode

The triphenylmethane dye crystal violet (CV) and its leuco base, leucocrystal violet (LCV), are investigated as dopants for n-type doping of fullerene C 60 . Conductivities up to 8 × 10 -3 S/cm at 30°C are achieved when C 60 is doped with CV. Mass spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy (UV/VIS/NIR absorption and Fourier transform infrared transmission) confirm that the leuco base LCV is formed during sublimation of the cationic CV dye. When the commercially available LCV was directly used as a dopant in C 60 , a maximum conductivity of 1.3 × 10 -2 S/cm was obtained at 30°C. We found that in both cases, the leuco base became reoxidized to the cationic form by electron transfer to electron-accepting matrixes, leading to the doping effect. The donor properties of LCV in a charge-transfer complex with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) were confirmed by UV/VIS/NIR absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. C 60 anions were observed in the FTIR or NIR absorption spectra of the mixed films of C 60 and LCV. Photoinduced charge transfer between LCV and C 60 provides free electrons, which increase the n-type conductivity. The electron transfer becomes irreversible by hydride abstraction.

Conjugated microporous polymers are a unique class of polymers that combine extended π-conjugation with inherent porosity. However, these polymers are synthesized through solution-phase reactions to yield insoluble and unprocessable solids, which preclude not only the evaluation of their conducting properties but also the fabrication of thin films for device implementation. Here, we report a strategy for the synthesis of thin films of π-conjugated microporous polymers by designing thiophene-based electropolymerization at the solution–electrode interface. High-quality films are prepared on a large area of various electrodes, the film thickness is controllable, and the films are used for device fabrication. These films are outstanding hole conductors and, upon incorporation of fullerenes into the pores, function as highly efficient photoactive layers for energy conversions. Our film strategy may boost the applications in photocatalysis, energy storage, and optoelectronics.

No abstract