Recent evidences revealed that the alteration of microRNAs (miRNAs) might be associated with neuroplasticity induced by voluntary running wheel (RW) exercise in mice suffered from traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we explored the possible role of miR21 involved in the cognitive improvement following voluntary RW in TBI mice. Firstly, in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were employed to determine the hippocampal expression and location of miR21 in TBI mice with or without spontaneous RW. Either miR21-mimics/plenti-miR21 or miR21-agomir/miR21-sponge was employed to regulate the miR21 expression in vivo and in vitro. Acquisition of spatial learning and memory retention was assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Golgi stain was also performed to evaluate the alteration of hippocampal dendrite. Our finding confirmed that the elevated miR21 level in hippocampal post-TBI was significantly reduced by spontaneous RW. Overexpression of miR21 in TBI mice with spontaneous RW induced deteriorations in spatial learning and memory retention by significant decreases in the somata size and branch points of the hippocampus neurons. In vitro transduction with miR21 also reduced the neurite extension and the area of cultured hippocampal neuron. However, miR21 down-regulation reversed these effects. The present data strongly suggest that miR21 is an important molecule that has been involved in neuroprotection induced by voluntary RW exercise post-TBI.

Objective To determine the prevalance and features of olfactory and taste disorders in coronavirus disease of 2019（CoVID-19）patients in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed from 3 April to 15 April 2020 in Wuhan. A total of 187 patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection completed face-to-face interviews or telephone follow-up. Patients information including epidemiological, clinical, imaging, and serological records and treatment and outcomes data. Patients were further evaluated using questionnaires and visual analogue scale. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software (version 22.0). Results The enrolled 187 patients, 23 (12.3%) reported olfactory disorders, 42 (22.46%) reported taste disorders. Females are more prone to olfactory and taste disorders. Among patients that can clearly describe the fluctuation of olfactory and taste disfunctions, 4 (20.0%) and 7(18.92%) cases occurred before other symptoms appeared, the average number of days in advance was 3.5 and 3.57, respectively. The majority of patients can return to normal or basic normal, but in 4(17.39%) and 9(21.43%) cases olfactory and taste can not fully recoveried during the research period. Conclusions Prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders substantially lower in China cohorts compared to abroad COVID-19 cohorts. The prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders in COVID-19 patients was higher in females than in males. In some patients, olfactory and taste disorders precede other symptoms and can be used as a symbol for early screening and warning. The restoration of olfactory and taste function was independent of age; females recover more easily than males; olfactory or taste disorders was not easily recovered for patients with clinically classified as severe; when olfactory or taste disorders itself was serious, it was not easy to recover; olfactory or taste disorders occured early in the disease were more likely to be recovered, otherwise they were hard to be recovered.

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To determine the prevalence and clinical features of olfactory and taste disorders among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in China. A cross-sectional study was performed in Wuhan from April 3, 2020 to April 15, 2020. A total of 187 patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) completed face-to-face interviews or telephone follow-ups. We found that the prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders was significantly lower in the Chinese cohort than in foreign COVID-19 cohorts. Females were more prone to olfactory and taste disorders. In some patients, olfactory and taste disorders precede other symptoms and can be used as early screening and warning signs.

Introduction: With the spread of the epidemic worldwide, an increasing number of doctors abroad have observed the following atypical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): olfactory or taste disorders. Therefore, clarifying the incidence and clinical characteristics of olfactory and taste disorders in Chinese COVID-19 patients is of great significance and urgency.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, which included 229 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 confirmed patients, through face-to-face interviews and telephone follow-up. Following the completion of questionnaires, the patients participating in the study, were categorized according to the degree of olfactory and taste disorders experienced, and the proportion of each clinical type of patient with olfactory and taste disorders and the time when symptoms appeared were recorded.Results: Among the 229 patients, 31 (13.54%) had olfactory dysfunction, and 44 (19.21%) had gustatory dysfunction. For the patients with olfactory dysfunction, 6 (19.35%) developed severe disease and became critically ill. Olfactory dysfunction appeared before the other symptoms in 21.43% of cases. The proportion of females with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was higher than that of males (P < 0.001). Conclusions:The incidence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was much lower than that reported abroad; the prognosis of patients with olfactory dysfunction is