When calibration, spraying height, applied pressure, volume rate, nozzle type and application time of equipment used in pesticide applications are incorrect, this causes the amount of agricultural pesticide applied per unit area to be more or less needed. A survey study was carried out on farmers in order to determine whether or not they adjust application pressure of pesticide equipment, nozzle type, volume rate, spraying height and calibration of spraying equipment needed for pesticide application to have values, and also whether or not they carry out agricultural pesticide application in accurate weather conditions such as wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, temperature and application time. This research was conducted in 2008 by randomly determining 110 agricultural organizations located in villages in the center of Sanliurfa/Turkey and its districts. Survey study was carried out by taking data from pesticide applications processes made on products such as cotton, wheat, barley, lentils and corn which have been intensely produced in the region. It was determined that in general, farmers operated field sprayer at very high pressures in agricultural pesticide application and they did not adjust travel speed of boom sprayer based on the calibration of pesticide application equipment. Moreover, based on data obtained from survey studies, application operators and farmers did not know values of wind speed, temperature and relative humidity required for agricultural pesticide applications.

In this study, conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and zero tillage (ZT) methods energy input-output analysis during second crop corn production have been carried out. The trials were performed between 2015-2016 in Ceylanpinar Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises Karatas region, Turkey. The findings showed that among tillage methods, the least energy input was ZT (23724.15 MJ ha-1), and the most energy output was CT (138510 MJ ha-1). In energy productivity, the highest value was on ZT (5.54). The highest value in corn yield was found in CT method with 9500 kg ha-1. This is followed by ZT (9100 kg ha-1) and RT (8750 kg ha-1), respectively. As a result, although CT can be preferred due to its high yield, it has been observed that ZT and RT tillage methods should be supported especially due to its ecological and high energy productivity.

Three of the biggest problems that the world will face in the future are energy, food and water security. The need for alternative energy sources is increasing due to the fact that the world's energy resources are depleted and especially the damage of fossil fuels to ecology. Today, studies on alternative energy sources are carried out intensively. One of the alternative energy sources is biomass solid fuels obtained from plant or animal manure. In this study, biomass in block form will be obtained by using binders from chicken and sheep manure. Finally, the obtained biomass will be analyzed in the solid fuel analysis laboratory, and the results will be compared and written statistically.

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ÖZET: Pamuğun kalite standartlarının yıllar itibari ile tespit edilmesi gereklidir. Çünkü pamuk endüstriyel bir üründür dolayısıyla verimin yüksek olması ve kalite özelliklerinin istenilen standartta olması çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma, 2013, 2014, 2015 yıllarında Şanlıurfa ilinde üretim yapan 21 adet çırçır fabrikasından alınan pamuk numunelerinin kalite standartlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Numunelerin analizi Şanlıurfa Ticaret Borsasında yapılmıştır. Özellikle LEN (uzunluk), STR (mukavemet), ELG (elastikiyet), +B (sarılık), TR-CNT (yabacı madde sayısı) ve TR-GRADE (yabancı madde derecesi) gibi kalite standartları incelenmiştir. İncelenen özellikler yüzdesel olarak standartların altında kalmıştır. Çırçırlama sistemleri arasında sawgin makinelerinin pamuk kalite özelliklerine etkisinin daha iyi olduğu ve tercih edilmesi gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, pamuk özelliklerinde görülen bazı olumsuzlukların giderilmesi için sonraki yıllarda yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterici olabilecektir.