While aiming to reach its 20% energy efficiency target for 2020 and subsequently reaching at least 32.5% by 2030, the European Union (EU) countries are consistently encouraged to implement the bloc's energy efficiency directives of 2012/27/EU and the (EU) 2018/2002. Without sacrificing existing energy standards and environmental quality, the EU has consistently favored behavioral and economic changes that are capable of increasing energy efficiency. In view of this motivation, this study examines the impact of energy efficiency on economic growth in 21 EU member countries over the 1995-2016 period. Importantly, the study examined both the regional and country-specific impacts of energy intensity, energy dependency, and renewable energy utilization on economic expansion. With a respective elasticity of 0.94, 0.17, and 0.01 by the MG (Mean Group) estimator, we found that energy efficiency, renewable energy utilization, and energy dependency positively trigger economic expansion in the region. This result does not only provide a desirable economic

The effect and significant of risk in every real life situation is increasingly becoming a pertinent subject in almost every field, thus causing potential adverse effects on both the individual's propensity to consume and invest. Also, the likelihood of the exposure of the developing countries to geopolitical risks amid experience of economic fragilities as indicated by security indexes has remained an important driver of the global market dynamics. On this note, this study is aimed at examining whether related risks in selected economies

No abstract

Recently, the growing interest in healthy and organic nutrition has led to an increase in both the consumption and production of olive oil. The fact that olive and olive oil production is mostly concentrated in the countries with a coastline on the Mediterranean has rendered their olive oil exports important in meeting the increasing demand for olive oil. For the exporting countries, this has raised the issues of having a large share in the international olive oil market and increasing their competitiveness. The importance of increasing competitiveness, especially for countries that generate income from agricultural production, is the driving force for conducting this study. The aim of the study was to determine the factors affecting the comparative advantages of the leading olive oil-exporting countries. In this context, the olive oil production, consumption and unit export prices of Turkey, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece and Tunisia for the 2000–2019 period were tested with a panel data analysis method to ascertain whether these variables have any significant effect on the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index. According to the findings, olive oil production affects the RCA index positively, whereas olive oil consumption affects it negatively in a statistically significant way.

In this study, relative efficiencies of Regional Development Agencies (RDA)