The K shell absorption jump ratios, jump factors, effective atomic numbers, and electron densities were derived from the measured total mass attenuation coefficient using an energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer for Gd2O3, Gd2(CO3)3H2O, Gd2(C2O4)3H2O, and Gd2(SO4)3 compounds. The total mass attenuation coefficients were measured in the X‐ray energy range from 39.52 to 57.14 keV in a transmission geometry utilizing the Kα2, Kα1, Kβ1, and Kβ2 X‐rays from different secondary source targets excited by the 59.54‐keV photons from an Am‐241 annular source and detected by a Si(Li) detector with a resolution of 160 eV at 5.9 keV. The energy gap, ionization energy, electron affinity, and global electrophilicity parameters of oxide, sulfate, oxalate, and carbonate ions were calculated using density functional theory (B3LYP). The experimental results are discussed based on these parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copolymerization and homopolymerization of 7-methacryloyloxy coumarin (MAOC) and its copolymers with benzyl methacrylate (BMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and isobuthyl methacrylate (IBMA) were performed by the free radical polymerization method (FRP) at low conversions (<15%). The resulting polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. The monomer reactivity ratios of MAOC and BMA were computed using Kelen-Tüdös (K-T) and Fineman-Ross (F-R) methods and were found to be r1=0.45, r2=1.29; r1=0.46; r2=1.33, respectively (r1 is monomer reactivity ratio of MAOC). Blends of poly(MAOC) and poly(BMA) obtained via FRP method were prepared by casting films from dichloromethane solution and were characterized by DTA and TGA techniques. Dielectric measurements for MAOC homopolymer and its copolymers with EMA, MMA, and IBMA were carried out by means of an impedance analyzer as a function of temperature and frequence. Dielectric properties of polymer samples prepared in a plate form were measured at room temperature over the frequency range 0.1 kHz–2 MHz and given as compared with each other.

Newly designed miktoarm star-shaped copolymers made of poly[(benzyl methacrylate(BMA)-co-(-caprolacton)(CL)] and poly[(BMA-b-MMA-b-BMA)-co--caprolacton)(CL)] were synthesized by combining ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of -caprolactone (CL) and poly(BMA) five membered lacton fuctionalized prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of BMA, and -CL and P(BMA-b-MMA-b-BMA) dual functionalized diblock copolymer, in the presence of tin(II) bis(2-ethylhexanoate) (Sn(Oct) 2 ). Although lactone ended poly(benzyl methacrylate) with -caprolactone monomer gave ring open polymerization by Sn(Oct) 2 , the macromonomer itself did not give any polymerization The macromonomers, and the miktoarm star-shaped copolymers were analyzed by FT-IR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopies and GPC (gel permeation chromatograph), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC-50) and termogravimetric analysis (TGA-50). These copolymers exhibited the expected structure. The crystallization of star-shaped copolymers was studied by DSC. The results show that when the content of the BMA block increased, the T m of the star-shaped block copolymer increased.

A series polymers of the poly(4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl-2-methylpropanoate), P(CIMMAOC)-DEA, were synthesized by modification of poly(4-(chloromethyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl-2-ethylpropanoate), P(CIM-MAOC), with diethanolamine (DEA). All polymers were structurally characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR, UV-vis, and Fluorescence spectra. The electronic features of the polymer, such as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and electrostatic potential (ESP), and the vibrational frequencies were computed by the Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) functional using 3-21G* basis set. Dielectric measurements for P(CIMMAOC) and P(CIMMAOC)-DEA were performed by means of an impedance analyzer as a function of frequency and temperature. It was found that the dielectric constant values decreased in the applied frequency range. The values of dielectric constant increased with a rise in concentrations of DEA in polymer for all temperatures. Dielectric constants of P(CIMMAOC) and P(CIMMAOC)-DEA (60%) were calculated as 3.93 and 12.29 at 1 kHz, respectively.

A macroinitiator was prepared by copolymerization of styrene (St) with 7-methacryloyloxy-4-chloromethylcoumarone (MAOCMC). Grafting studies of coumarone with methyl methylacrylate were carried out in the presence of the macroinitiator poly(7-methacryloyloxy-4-chloromethylcoumarone-co-styrene) and with the catalyst of copper(I) bromide/2,2′-bipyridyne at 110°C. The activation energy valuations of graft copolymers acquired by Coats–Redfern, Tang and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods were designated to be 212.69, 214.44 and 223.57 kJ mol−1, respectively. For the outcomes were compared with these valuation differential methods and discrepant integral were used. In terms of experiential outcomes, the reaction mechanism was a dimensional diffusion (Dn) deceleration type in the transformation range worked.